Review of vapor to liquid homogeneous nucleation experiments from 1968 to 1992

A comprehensive review of the vapor to liquid homogeneous nucleation experiment literature from 1968 to 1992 is presented. The review identifies and presents in tabular format experimental nucleation data dealing specifically with: (1) critical supersaturation measurements in both unary and binary systems; (2) nucleation rate measurements in both unary and binary systems; (3) photoinduced nucleation experiments; and, (4) ion‐induced nucleation experiments. The data tables identify the substance under investigation; the experimental method used in each investigation; the background gas and, when available, the pressure range of the background gas used in each investigation; a brief summary of the key results of each investigation; and literature references where more detailed information concerning each investigation can be found. The review contains a brief description of the operation of the experimental devices referenced in the tables. The review also contains an assessment of the various experimental devices currently capable of quantitative nucleation rate measurements

Using hyperhomocysteinemia and body composition to predict the risk of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in healthcare workers

PurposeThis study investigated associations between serum homocysteine levels, body composition, and the probability of having nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in Chinese healthcare workers.Patients and MethodsA total of 4028 healthcare workers were enrolled in this study, and all underwent a physical examination. Body composition was measured using multifrequency bioelectrical impedance analysis.ResultsThere were 1507 NAFLD patients (72.26% male, 27.74% female) and 2521 controls (39.83% male, 60.17% female). Body mass index (BMI), waistline, neck-circumference (NC), abdominal visceral fat area (AVFA), total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), glucose (Glu), homocysteinemia (hcy) were higher in the NAFLD group than controls. Additionally, the skeletal-muscle was associated with a lower risk of NAFLD, whereas BMI, waistline, NC, hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy) were associated with a higher risk of NAFLD. The best NC cut-off point for NAFLD was 34.45 cm (sensitivity 83.3% and specificity 83.9%) in women with HHcy, and the best skeletal-muscle content cut-off point for NAFLD was 41.335% (sensitivity 74.2% and specificity 65.6%) in men with HHcy.ConclusionInteractions between skeletal-muscle content, NC, and HHcy may affect the incidence of NAFLD in healthcare workers. This may provide a novel approach for diagnosing NAFLD

Photoinduced nucleation of CS2 vapor in a flow photochemical reactor

Photoinduced nucleation (PIN) experiments using CS2 and CS2/ethanol vapors have been carried out in a flow photochemical reactor. Following ultraviolet irradiation of the CS2-containing vapors, photoinduced nucleated particles were captured and characterized using mass spectrometry and Raman spectroscopy. Results of the analysis confirm the presence of S8 molecules in the particles produced by PIN of CS2 vapor. Additional results consistent with these data but involving PIN of CS2 in supersaturated 1-propanol also from this laboratory are reviewed. The role of sulfur in the PIN mechanism is discussed in the context of these particle characterization results and the gas-phase photochemistry of CS2 and is shown to be consistent with an earlier description of CS2 PIN from this laboratory

Robust Visual Correlation Tracking

Recent years have seen greater interests in the tracking-by-detection methods in the visual object tracking, because of their excellent tracking performance. But most existing methods fix the scale which makes the trackers unreliable to handle large scale variations in complex scenes. In this paper, we decompose the tracking into target translation and scale prediction. We adopt a scale estimation approach based on the tracking-by-detection framework, develop a new model update scheme, and present a robust correlation tracking algorithm with discriminative correlation filters. The approach works by learning the translation and scale correlation filters. We obtain the target translation and scale by finding the maximum output response of the learned correlation filters and then online update the target models. Extensive experiments results on 12 challenging benchmark sequences show that the proposed tracking approach reduces the average center location error (CLE) by 6.8 pixels, significantly improves the performance by 17.5% in the average success rate (SR) and by 5.4% in the average distance precision (DP) compared to the second best one of the other five excellent existing tracking algorithms, and is robust to appearance variations introduced by scale variations, pose variations, illumination changes, partial occlusion, fast motion, rotation, and background clutter

Quantifying atmosphere and ocean origins of North American precipitation variability. Climate Dynamics

How atmospheric and oceanic processes control North American precipitation variability has been extensively investigated, and yet debates remain. Here we address this question in a 50 km-resolution fux-adjusted global climate model. The high spatial resolution and fux adjustment greatly improve the model’s ability to realistically simulate North American precipitation, the relevant tropical and midlatitude variability and their teleconnections. Comparing two millennium-long simulations with and without an interactive ocean, we fnd that the leading modes of North American precipitation variability on seasonal and longer timescales exhibit nearly identical spatial and spectral characteristics, explained fraction of total variance and associated atmospheric circulation. This fnding suggests that these leading modes arise from internal atmospheric dynamics and atmosphere-land coupling. However, in the fully coupled simulation, North American precipitation variability still correlates signifcantly with tropical ocean variability, consistent with observations and prior literature. We fnd that tropical ocean variability does not create its own type of atmospheric variability but excites internal atmospheric modes of variability in midlatitudes. This oceanic impact on North American precipitation is secondary to atmospheric impacts based on correlation. However, relative to the simulation without an interactive ocean, the fully coupled simulation amplifes precipitation variance over southwest North America (SWNA) during late spring to summer by up to 90%. The amplifcation is caused by a stronger variability in atmospheric moisture content that is attributed to tropical Pacifc sea surface temperature variability. Enhanced atmospheric moisture variations over the tropical Pacifc are transported by seasonal mean southwesterly winds into SWNA, resulting in larger precipitation varianc