Tolling the Three-Year Period for Discharge of Income Taxes: Is There Plain Meaning in 11 U.S.C. 507(a)(8)(A)(i)

Symposium - An Analysis of Developments in Bankruptcy La

Understanding plasma-ethanol non-equilibrium electrochemistry during the synthesis of metal oxide quantum dots

Plasma–liquid interactions are becoming increasingly interesting due to their key features such as non-faradaic, non-equilibrium behaviour as well as electron-driven reactions, therefore with potential strong impact for several promising applications. However, understanding reaction mechanisms initiated at the plasma–liquid interface is complicated by short timescales and spatial non-uniformities. Here we study a plasma–ethanol system that has general relevance to broaden our understanding of plasma interacting at the surface of a liquid. This plasma-electrochemical approach has been successfully used to synthesize a range of metal–oxide nanoparticles and quantum dots (QDs). While nanoparticles and QDs can be an end to this process, they can also be viewed as ‘chemical probes’ that help understanding the underlying and progenitor chemical reactions. We have therefore studied plasma–ethanol interactions during the synthesis of CuO QDs. The colloid was characterised by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Further, measurements for pH and other trace products were also carried out. The analysis shows the acidolysis of the ethanol electrolyte where hydrogen peroxide was found after the plasma process. A semi-quantification of Cu ions was carried out to confirm the anodic dissolution of the Cu metal foil. Thus, a detailed set of reactions are proposed and has been discussed in detail. Material characterisation relied on transmission electron microscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy which provided important and complementary information to corroborate chemical reaction paths

Letter to H.B. Stenzel from E.M. Hawtof on 1928-12-28

Jackson School of Geoscience

Pyrolysis of Cyclohexane and 1-Hexene at High Temperatures and Pressures—A Photoionization Mass Spectrometry Study

Cycloalkanes are important components of a wide range of fuels. However, there are few experimental data at simultaneously high temperatures and pressures similar to those found in practical systems. Such data are necessary for developing and testing chemical kinetic models. In this study, data relevant to cycloalkane pyrolysis were obtained from high repetition rate shock tube experiments coupled with synchrotron-based photoionization mass spectrometry diagnostics. The pyrolysis of cyclohexane was studied over 1270–1550 K and ~9 bar, while the more reactive primary decomposition product, 1-hexene, was studied at 1160–1470 K and ~5 bar. Insights into the decomposition of the parent molecules, the formation of primary products and the production of aromatic species were gained. Simulations were performed with models for cyclohexane and 1-hexene that were based on literature models. The results indicate that over several hundred microseconds reaction time at high pressures and temperatures the pyrolysis of cyclohexane is largely dominated by reactions initiated by cyclohexyl radicals. Furthermore, good agreement between the simulations and the experiments were observed for cyclohexane and 1-hexene with a modified version of the cyclohexane model. Conversely, the 1-hexene model did not reproduce the experimental observations

Catalyst-Free, Highly Selective Synthesis of Ammonia from Nitrogen and Water by a Plasma Electrolytic System

There is a growing need for scalable ammonia synthesis at ambient conditions that relies on renewable sources of energy and feedstocks to replace the Haber-Bosch process. Electrically driven approaches are an ideal strategy for the reduction of nitrogen to ammonia but, to date, have suffered from low selectivity associated with the catalyst. Here, we present a hybrid electrolytic system characterized by a gaseous plasma electrode that facilitates the study of ammonia formation in the absence of any material surface. We find record-high faradaic efficiency (up to 100%) for ammonia from nitrogen and water at atmospheric pressure and temperature with this system. Ammonia measurements under varying reaction conditions in combination with scavengers reveal that the unprecedented selectivity is achieved by solvated electrons produced at the plasma-water interface, which react favorably with protons to produce the key hydrogen radical intermediate. Our results demonstrate that limitations in selectivity can be circumvented by using catalyst-free solvated electron chemistry. In the absence of adsorption steps, the importance of controlling proton concentration and transport is also revealed