The influence of operational amplifier topology on audiosignal quality

The thesis describes different between any signal and audio signal from the used amplifier´s quality point of view. There are mentioned ways of origin of distortions and their effect on the audio signal quality. There is also described in detail the principal of operational amplifier, it´s circuit realization and ways to improve the circuit topology in order to reach the best qualities. Choice of parts used for discreet realization of operational amplifier is consulted. Last but not least the thesis contents the practical part, stating the reasons for realization of operational amplifiers from discreet parts and also describing two most commonly used topologies of operational amplifiers. Their discreet version is designed and there are compared the different between the manufacturer’s data and the data measured during the simulation

Additional file 7: of Identification and characterization of the Populus trichocarpa CLE family

The multiple sequence alignment of all AtCLE and PtCLE proteins using their CLE motifs and five N-terminal residues flanking the CLE motifs (18-AA in length). The conserved residues are shaded in grey. Weblogo plot was used for graphical representation of the multiple sequence alignment of the 18-AA fragments. (PDF 58 kb

Genetic polymorphisms, forensic efficiency and phylogenetic analysis of 15 autosomal STR loci in the Kazak population of Ili Kazak Autonomous Prefecture, northwestern China

<p><b>Aim:</b> We investigated the frequencies of 15 autosomal STR loci in the Kazak population of the Ili Kazak Autonomous Prefecture with the aim of expanding the available population information in human genetic databases and for forensic DNA analysis.</p> <p><b>Subjects and methods:</b> Genetic polymorphisms of 15 autosomal short tandem repeat (STR) loci were analysed in 456 individuals of the Kazak population from Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture, northwestern China. </p> <p><b>Results:</b> A total of 173 alleles at 15 autosomal STR loci were found; the allele frequencies ranged from 0.5022–0.0011. The combined power of discrimination and exclusion statistics for the 15 STR loci were 0.999 999 999 85 and 0.999 998 800 65, respectively. In addition, phylogenetic analysis involving the Ili Uygur population and other relevant populations was carried out. A neighbour-joining tree and multidimensional scaling plot were generated based on Nei’s standard genetic distance.</p> <p><b>Conclusions:</b> Results of the population comparison indicated that the Ili Uygur population was most closely related genetically to the Uygur populations from other regions in China. These findings are consistent with the historical and geographic backgrounds of these populations.</p

The immunosuppression capacity of Treg subsets cells in SSc patients and healthy individuals.

<p>(A) A representative flow cytometry analysis of the immunosuppression capacity of Treg subsets. CFSE-labeled effector T cells and dividing cells were analyzed by flow cytometry. The percentage of proliferating responder T cells co-cultured with different subsets of Treg cells (1∶1) from SSc patients (n = 5) and healthy controls (n = 5) is shown (B) Analysis of CTLA-4 presentation in each Treg subset in SSc patients and control individuals by flow cytometry (C) The expression of CTLA-4 mRNA in Treg cells from healthy controls and patients.</p

Expression of IL-17 in Treg cells in SSc.

<p>(A) IL-17 presentation in cells from the Treg subsets isolated from patients and control individuals by flow cytometry (B) The expression of IL-17 in the FrIII subset in SSc and control individuals by flow cytometry (C) The frequency of Th17 cells among Tregs (D) Flow cytometry analysis of the FoxP3⁺IL-17⁺ cells gated among the CD4⁺CD25⁺ cells in patients and healthy controls, comparing the frequency of CD4⁺CD25⁺FoxP3⁺IL-17⁺ and CD4⁺CD25⁺FoxP3⁺IL-17⁻ cells (E) Comparison of IL-17A mRNA expression of in Treg subsets isolated from SSc patients and control individuals (F) Comparison of RORC mRNA expression in Treg subsets isolated from patients and healthy controls.</p

CD4⁺CD25⁺FoxP3⁺ regulatory T cells in patients with SSc.

<p>(A) A representative FACS analysis of CD25⁺ FoxP3⁺ cells gated by CD4⁺ T cell subsets in healthy controls and SSc patients, comparing the percentage of CD4⁺CD25⁺FoxP3⁺ cells among the CD4⁺ T cells (B) Percentage of CD69-, CTLA-4-, PD-1-, and GITR-expressing CD4⁺CD25⁺FoxP3⁺ cells in healthy controls and patients analyzed by flow cytometry (C) The expression of FoxP3 and CTLA-4 mRNA in healthy individuals and SSc patients abtained with real-time PCR (D) Flow cytometry analysis of CFSE-labeled responder T cells and dividing cells in SSc patients and healthy individuals. The CFSE labeled responder cells under the bin indicate daughter cell populations which have subsequently lost half of their CFSE signal with each division round.The percentage of proliferative responder T cells co-cultured with Treg cells (1∶1) from control (n = 5) and SSc patients (n = 5) is shown.</p

The analysis of Treg subpopulations of SSc patients with regard to the expression of CD45RA.

<p>(A) A representative flow cytometry analysis of Treg subpopulations gated by CD4⁺ T cell subsets (B) Percentages of FrI, FrII, and FrIII cells among CD4⁺ T cells or CD4⁺FoxP3⁺ T cells in healthy controls and SSc patients (C) Proportion of FrI, FrII, and FrIII subsets in the Treg compartment in healthy individuals and SSc patients (D) The correlation between increasing FrIII cells and CD4⁺CD25⁺FoxP3⁺ cells in SSc patients (E) FoxP3 mRNA levels in FrI, FrII, and FrIII cells in healthy controls and patients obtained with real-time PCR (F) Flow cytometry analysis of CFSE-labeled Treg subsets cells in SSc patients and healthy individuals.The proliferation of FrI, FrII, and FrIII cells in patients (n = 5) compared to that in controls (n = 5).</p

Participant demographics and clinical characteristics.

<p>dcSSc: diffuse cutaneous SSc; lcSSc: limited cutaneous SSc; ANA: antinuclear antibody; Anti-Scl70: antitopoisomerase I antibody; ACA: anticentromere antibody; PAH: pulmonary arterial hypertension; mRSS: modified Rodnan skin score; 6MWD: 6-minute walk distance. * indicates values reported as mean ± standard deviation.</p