32 research outputs found

    HÀstgödsel och hampapellets för energiutvinning

    No full text
    Projektet HÀstgödsel och hampapellets för energiutvinning Àr en kartlÀggningsstudie för att genomlysa möjligheter och hinder med energiutvinning frÄn pellets av hÀstgödsel och hampa. För att sÀkerstÀlla att det Àr möjligt att erbjuda hÀstbönder en hÄllbar lösning pÄ deras gödselproblematik och samtidigt bidra till att lösa Ekstas behov av pellets för fjÀrrvÀrme i framtiden sÄ har detta projekt besvarat en rad frÄgestÀllningar.  Rapporten inleds med en utförlig bakgrund kring hÀstgödsel och relaterade problem, en beskrivning av vÀxten hampa och dess anvÀndningsomrÄden, cirkularitet som koncept och dess implementering relaterat till denna studie, samt tidigare försök med hÀstgödsel och hampa för förbrÀnning. En betydande del av projektet har handlat om att försöka bringa klarhet kring regelverket och vilken offentlig instans som Àger rÄdighet i frÄgor avgörande för genomförande energiutvinning frÄn hÀstgödsel och hampapellets. Utförarna till projektet har i samrÄd med myndigheter lyckats rÀta ut de frÄgetecken som finns och berett vÀgen framÄt för konceptet med hÀstgödsel och hampapallets för energiutvinning. I rapporten lÀggs ocksÄ stor vikt vid tekniska frÄgor kring konceptet. Dessa innefattar detaljer kring hampa som rÄvara, viktiga övervÀganden vid förbrÀnning av hÀstgödsel, energiutvinning ur gödsel, hampa och pellets, frÄgor relaterade till aska samt en erfarenhetssammanstÀllning frÄn tidigare försök med liknande koncept. Rapportens avslutande stycke innehÄller en beskrivning av hur ett cirkulÀrt system baserat pÄ konceptet hade kunnat se ut och vilka fördelar detta hade fört med sig

    Dispatchable electricity production in the North Harbour area in Malmö via renewable gases

    No full text
    Huvudsyftet med detta projekt har varit att identifiera och diskutera ett koncept för Norra hamnen-omrÄdet i Malmö om hur ökad planerbar elproduktion och el-till-gas (Power-to-gas) möjliggörs genom sektorkoppling av befintlig och tillförd infrastruktur. Detta har inneburit att ett kluster av relevanta intressenter har skapats, bÄde de som har verksamhet inom omrÄdet och andra som pÄ ett eller annat sÀtt anses vara viktiga för huvudsyftet. Rapporten beskriver utmaningar i elförsörjningen i Malmö och Norra hamnen-omrÄdet. Bakgrund ges kring begreppet sektorkoppling, typer av sektorkopplingar, konceptet Power-to-X och andra relaterade projekt och anstrÀngningar. Den nuvarande situationen beskrivs med avstamp i Malmös och hamnens historia och fortsÀtter med en beskrivning av den nuvarande infrastrukturen samt mass- och energiflöden. DÀrifrÄn utarbetas möjliga sektorkopplingar och framtida tillgÄng till kraft och el. FrÄgan - varför sektorkoppling av elnÀtet kommer att behövas, ses i Malmö-sammanhanget och hur en ökning av el-efterfrÄgan kan resultera i perioder med lÄga och höga elpriser beskrivs. En möjlig omvandling av omrÄdet avbildas för 2030 och 2045 med ytterligare sektorkopplingar pÄ plats och aktiva, bÄde för ett högt och lÄgt elpris. Slutligen avslutas rapporten med en utblick efter ytterligare optimering av systemet och hur resultaten frÄn projektet kan fortsÀtta i en större skala. The main purpose of this project has been to identify and discuss a concept for the North Harbor area in Malmö on how increased dispatchable electricity production and Power-to-gas is made possible through sector coupling of existing and additional infrastructure. This has meant that a cluster of relevant stakeholders has been created, both those who have activities in the area and others who in one way or another are considered important for the main purpose. The report describes challenges in the electricity supply in Malmö and the North Harbor area. Background is given around the concept of sector coupling, types of sector couplings, the concept Power-to-X and other related projects and efforts. The current situation is described based on Malmö's and the port's history and continues with a description of the current infrastructure and mass and energy flows. From there, possible sector couplings and future access to power and electricity are prepared. The question - why sector coupling of the electricity grid will be needed is seen in the Malmö context and how an increase in electricity demand can result in periods of low and high electricity prices is described. A possible transformation of the area is depicted for 2030 and 2045 with additional sector couplings in place and active, both for a high and low electricity price. Finally, the report concludes with a look at further optimization of the system and how the results from the project can continue on a larger scale

    Effects of surfactant adjuvants on plant leaf cuticle barrier properties

    No full text
    I avhandlingen undersöks vĂ€xelverkan mellan det yttersta lagret pĂ„ vĂ€xters blad (cutikeln), aktiva substanser, och Ă€mnen som tillsĂ€tts för att öka bekĂ€mpningsmedlens effekt, i detta fall vissa former av tensider. BarriĂ€ren som hindrar upptag av frĂ€mmande Ă€mnen i vĂ€xten sitter i cutikeln. Det Ă€r vĂ€l kĂ€nt att tensider förstĂ€rker effekten av aktiva substanser. Kunskapen Ă€r dock liten om de mekanismer som underlĂ€ttar upptaget i vĂ€xtblad. Det övergripande mĂ„let i avhandlingen Ă€r att öka kunskapen om hur dessa mekanismer verkar. Att klargöra vilka effekter tensider har pĂ„ cutikeln och hur dessa möjliggör ett ökat upptag av aktiva substanser. Ytterligare ett mĂ„l Ă€r att bidra till en mer ekologiskt hĂ„llbar anvĂ€ndning och förnuftig applicering av bekĂ€mpningsmedel inom jordbrukssektorn. Det senare av dessa tvĂ„ mĂ„l kan uppnĂ„s genom att anvĂ€nda den mest effektiva tensiden för respektive bekĂ€mpningsmedel, samt det mest effektiva bekĂ€mpningsmedlet för respektive vĂ€xtsort för att pĂ„ sĂ„ vis minimera mĂ€ngden bekĂ€mpningsmedel. Men optimering krĂ€ver givetvis förstĂ„else. Det övergripande mĂ„let har uppnĂ„tts genom kartlĂ€ggning av vad som sker i vĂ€xelverkan mellan tensid, vatten och vĂ€xtblad. BestĂ„ndsdelarna som upprĂ€tthĂ„ller bladets barriĂ€regenskaper beskrivs, samt hur deras smĂ€ltbeteende och strukturella egenskaper förĂ€ndras dĂ„ vatten tillförs och dĂ„ tensider Ă€r nĂ€rvarande. En ny modell av vaxbarriĂ€ren i cutikeln etableras och kartlĂ€ggs. Modellen anvĂ€nds till att undersöka de mjukgörande effekterna tensider och vatten har pĂ„ cutikeln. Hur tensider ordnar sig i en vattenlösning och hur ordningen förĂ€ndras nĂ€r vatten avdunstar beskrivs i avhandlingen. Vidare kartlĂ€ggs hur tensider absorberas i cutikeln och vilka strukturer som pĂ„verkas dĂ€r. Drivkraften för upptag av bekĂ€mpningsmedel i vĂ€xtblad förklaras, hur tensider pĂ„verkar drivkraften och vilka egenskaper hos en blandning som pĂ„verkar upptaget utrönas. Hur tensider pĂ„verkar parametrar i barriĂ€ren beskrivs ocksĂ„. Dessa parametrar behandlas pĂ„ ett sĂ€tt som gör det möjligt att förklara de effekter som tensider faktiskt har pĂ„ distributionen av bekĂ€mpningsmedel inuti cutikeln. Slutligen sĂ„ utvĂ€rderas formuleringar pĂ„ intakta vĂ€xtblad. Detta möjliggör kartlĂ€ggning över vilka roller mĂ€ttnadsgraden av bekĂ€mpningsmedel i formuleringar samt effekten av tensider pĂ„ vĂ€xtblads barriĂ€regenskaper spelar i bladets upptag av bekĂ€mpningsmedel. Dessa resultat sammanfattas i en ny algoritm som gör det möjligt att förutse distributionen av bekĂ€mpningsmedel i vĂ€xtblad vid en given blandning. VĂ€xter utgör basen för en klart dominerande del av vĂ€rldens sammantagna produktion av livsmedel och djurfoder. De Ă€r ocksĂ„ en rĂ„vara i ett flertal industriella produkter. DĂ„ befolkningen ökar och levnadsstandarden förbĂ€ttras, ökar ocksĂ„ efterfrĂ„gan pĂ„ bĂ€ttre mat och förbrukningsartiklar frĂ„n vĂ€xtbas. För att tillgodose efterfrĂ„gan strĂ€var producenter och odlare stĂ€ndigt efter ökad avkastning. Detta uppnĂ„s genom ökade odlingsarealer, effektivare anvĂ€ndning av befintlig odlingsmark samt skydd mot skadeangrepp pĂ„ vĂ€xter. Det sistnĂ€mnda kan göras med hjĂ€lp av olika bekĂ€mpningsmedel som innehĂ„ller aktiva substanser. Faktum Ă€r att en livsmedelsproduktion pĂ„ dagens nivĂ„ inte hade varit möjlig utan anvĂ€ndning av bekĂ€mpningsmedel. Dessa Ă€mnen innebĂ€r dock risker, anvĂ€ndningen Ă€r inte fullt optimerad och förstĂ„elsen för skeenden och processer i samband med dess anvĂ€ndning Ă€r i vissa avseenden fortfarande bristfĂ€llig.The focus of this project has been the mechanisms of action of surfactants as agricultural adjuvants and the physico-chemical interactions between adjuvant, carrier formulation, and leaf surface. To increase the understanding of this complex system, model systems have been evaluated in parallel to in vitro studies of plant leaf cuticle. Investigations on how thermodynamic, structural and rheological properties of leaf surface constituents are affected by surfactant absorption and hydration have been central. The main techniques employed in the project are: Environmental Scanning Electron Microscopy, Differential Scanning Calorimetry, Optical Phase Contrast Microscopy with Temperature Resolution, Quartz Crystal Microbalance with Dissipation, Small- and Wide-angle X-ray Diffraction, and Franz type diffusion cells. The effects that surfactants exert on the structure of native intact plant leaf cuticle were investigated by Small- and Wide-Angle X-ray diffraction (SWAXD). The wax has a broad melting interval between 40 and 80 C which comprises a crystalline transition from orthorhombic to hexagonal sub-cell. This transition is facilitated by addition of surfactants. Both intact cuticle and extracted wax also possess lamellar long range order. Clivia is an appropriate model plant since it is related to, and has similar leaf characteristics as, some of the most important crop plants, wheat and barley. It is easy to cultivate indoors, and the leaves are wide enough to be evaluated in vitro through diffusion cell experiments. The barrier is very tough; if it works on Clivia it most probably will work in the field as well. The model of plant leaf intracuticular wax can be used to estimate formulations effects on the cuticle structure. A model was based on a leaf wax extract and comprised 1-docosanol (C22H45OH) and dotriacontane (C32H66). The thermotropic phase behaviour of the model was investigated, and the structure of individual phases in the model wax - water system was determined. The thermotropic transitions of the model wax fit in the window of the extracted leaf waxes, but the model wax would benefit from further development, striving for a more amorphous system. The effects of surfactants on the phase behaviour and the rheological characteristics of the model wax were quantified. This was done to address the current lack of understanding of how surfactants affect the barrier properties of plant leaf cuticles on a molecular level. The model wax used is crystalline at ambient conditions, yet it is clearly softened by the surfactants. The softness of the wax film increased in irreversible steps after surfactant exposure and of the two surfactants used, C10EO7 has a stronger fluidizing effect than C8G1.6. Intracuticular waxes (IW) comprise both crystalline and amorphous domains. Surfactants mainly exercise their fluidizing effects in amorphous regions. A mechanism is suggested to explain the fluidizing effects seen on a largely crystalline model wax. It is proposed that surfactants may enter the crevices in between crystalline domains to establish an expanded continuous amorphous network. Surfactants allow higher amounts of active ingredients in solution, available for penetration. Commercial products (normally concentrates) may contain such high amounts of active ingredient that complete solubilisation is never reached, even after dilution. Crystalline active ingredients cannot enter the cuticle and may lead to an unnecessary environmental burden when dislocated from the leaf. The rate of active ingredient leaf uptake may be increased by an appropriate surfactant. Surfactants increase the flux of active ingredients over the cuticle barrier by increasing the diffusion coefficient inside the cuticle. Based on Fick’s first law, an algorithm that accommodates changes in boundary conditions and takes partition into account was developed. It thereby provides a more accurate method, compared to the standard equations normally used for calculating solute diffusion coefficients in membranes. The same quantitative increase in both flux (Ji) and diffusion coefficient (Di) was observed with surfactants present, while the cuticle-water partition coefficient (lg Kcw) remained unchanged. Evaluation tools have been developed by the establishment of QCM-D and membrane diffusion protocols, and the investigations on model wax. These tools can facilitate the determination of desired properties of new and better adjuvants in agriculture. Subsequently, it may contribute to a more cost-efficient and environmentally friendly usage of pesticides in foliar spray applications. The wider aim of this project was to contribute to a more efficient and optimized pesticide application through investigation of the cuticle and its interplay with surfactant solutions

    The contribution of Advanced Renewable Transport Fuels to transport decarbonization in Sweden - 2030 and beyond

    No full text
    This report will be part of the contribution from Sweden to a joint IEA Bioenergy and IEA Alternative Motor Fuels project called “The contribution of Advanced Renewable Transport Fuels to transport decarbonisation in 2030 and beyond” aiming to showcase the role of advanced renewable transport fuels, considering all transport modes. This report concludes that Sweden has the potential of reaching the targets set for 2030 and 2045 but it requires substantial investments in production, infrastructure and policy, linked to increased ART-fuel implementation. The policy system to be used for this implementation needs to be applied long term. The system also needs to be transparent and predictable both for the market and for the consumers. If the goal is to also promote more novel solutions efforts towards this needs to be included in the design of the instruments. Instruments must be put in a context where (at least) vehicles, infrastructure and fuel usage are included - and how it should be phased out. Moreover, the cost-effectiveness of the instruments needs to be compared and considered before implementation so that the efforts are put where that can have the strongest effect.This report addresses (i) the production potential for renewable fuels, (ii) the usage potential for renewable fuels, (iii) an analysis of current policies in Sweden and indication of additional measures needed to enhance the ART fuel implementation and (iv) challenges that need to be addressed to increase ART fuel usage in Sweden. The work is based on recently published studies and input from experts from the Swedish Transport Administration and the Swedish Energy Agency partly via a dedicated workshop

    Life Cycle Assessment of Gasification-based Fischer-Tropsch Bio Jet Fuel production

    No full text
    Jet-fuels can be produced through alternative pathways in the future. Bioshare AB investigates the possibility to produce renewable jet-fuels through a gasification-based production process of biofuels in an existing combined heat and power plant. The process results in three products; heat, electricity and Fischer Tropsch (FT)-fuel. The latter is assessed in the present study with regards to Global Warming Potential (GWP) excluding biogenic carbon, Eutrophication and Acidification potential through a life cycle perspective. All inflows and outflows from the production process are taken into account, without separating potential environmental impact from each unit operation. The result from this study showed that based on the defined system boundaries and assumptions, the transports to and from the production facility contribute the most to GWP, followed by biomass production and the electricity consumption. The highest contribution to the result for eutrophication and acidification potential originates from the consumption of scrubber oil for gas purification. However, these results are sensitive for the biofuel used and to some extent also for the assumed load scenario.Den hÀr rapporten finns endast pÄ engelska. Svensk sammanfattning finns i rapporten

    Kunskapssyntes: SamhÀllsekonomisk analys av förnybara drivmedel och drivlinor

    No full text
    Sammantaget har projektet identifierat 7 huvudsakliga kunskapsluckor dĂ€r kompletterande material behöver tas fram för att en mer rĂ€ttvisande bedömning ska kunna göras mellan olika drivmedelsalternativ. Kunskapssyntesen visar tydligt att resultatet i en samhĂ€llsekonomisk analys beror pĂ„ hur systemgrĂ€nserna sĂ€tts frĂ„n början. Vidare sĂ„ ses i analysen att det Ă€r möjligt att styra utfallet av en jĂ€mförande bedömning mot ett visst resultat genom de aspekter som ingĂ„r. Det gĂ„r att sĂ€ga att ett mer korrekt resultat fĂ„s fram ju fler parametrar som ingĂ„r, ju bredare systemgrĂ€nserna sĂ€tts och ju fler aspekter som vĂ€gs in. Å andra sidan sĂ„ anvĂ€nder de jĂ€mförda studierna sĂ„ pass olika metodik att det Ă€r svĂ„rt att dra nĂ„gra slutsatser mellan dessa och utfallet i de olika studiernas ranking. För vissa av aspekterna anvĂ€nds mer standardiserade och/eller etablerade metoder för vĂ€rdering av eventuell nytta. Generellt för biodrivmedel saknas kunskap, forskningsunderlag och metoder för att i kronor vĂ€rdera ett stort antal nyttor som Ă€r viktiga för vĂ„rt samhĂ€lle.Denna studie Ă€r en kunskapssyntes dĂ€r miljönyttor har vĂ€rderats för ett flertal drivmedel. Projektet har genomfört en kartlĂ€ggning av samhĂ€llsekonomiska analyser som beskriver hur vĂ€rderingen av olika drivmedel kan variera beroende pĂ„: indata, systemgrĂ€nser och metodval

    LCC - Biogas at a food production plant

    No full text
    The analysis of LCC-results can be used to determine which option is the most financially preferred from the company’s standpoint. The results are clear and show that the biogas-option is favorable and a profitable option of investment for the company. To determine how various parameters and factors influence the results, an extensive sensitivity analysis was also included in this study where several parameters were altered. The Net Present Value of Investment is influenced by all parameters in the following order: i) biomethane price of the grid, ii) revenue from fiber sludge, iii) calculation period, iv) interest rate, v) investment cost sewage treatment plant, vi) revenues biofertilizer, vii) investment cost biogas plant, viii) electricity price, and ix) sludge revenue/cost. This is a measure of how important the individual parameters are for the company’s decision on how to proceed with their investment plans.This study investigates different options for utilization of residual products from food-production. A food producing company (FPC) is drastically increasing the production which results in more residual products from their processes. This, in-turn, has the effect that they need to establish new on-site facilities for handling of these increased residual streams. Either an on-site sewage treatment facility or the former combined with an on-site biogas production. Life cycle cost (LCC) analysis is used to compare the two options

    What Are the Policy Impacts on Renewable Jet Fuel in Sweden?

    No full text
    The aviation industry contributes to more than 2% of global human-induced CO2-emissions, and it is expected to increase to 3% by 2050 as demand for aviation grows. As the industry is still dependent on conventional jet fuel, an essential component for a carbon-neutral growth is low-carbon, sustainable aviation fuels, for example alternative drop-in fuels with biobased components. An optimization model was developed for the case of Sweden to examine the impacts of carbon price, blending mandates and penalty fee (for not reaching the blending mandate) on the production of renewable jet fuel (RJF). The model included biomass gasification-based Fischer–Tropsch (FT) jet fuel, Power-to-Liquid (PTL) jet fuel through the FT route and Hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL)-based jet fuel. Thus, this study aims at answering how combining different policies for the aviation sector can support the production of RJF in Sweden while reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The results demonstrate the importance of implementing policy instruments to promote the production of RJF in Sweden. The blending mandate is an effective policy to both promote RJF production while reducing emissions. The current level of the penalty fee is not sufficient to support the fuel switch to RJF. A higher blending mandate and carbon price will accelerate the transition towards renewable and sustainable fuels for the aviation industry.QC 20211122</p
    corecore