Season- and depth-dependent variability of a demersal fish assemblage in a large fjord estuary (Puget Sound, Washington)

Fjord estuaries are common along the northeast Pacific coastline, but little information is available on fish assemblage structure and its spatiotemporal variability. Here, we examined changes in diversity metrics, species biomasses, and biomass spectra (the distribution of biomass across body size classes) over three seasons (fall, winter, summer) and at multiple depths (20 to 160 m) in Puget Sound, Washington, a deep and highly urbanized fjord estuary on the U.S. west coast. Our results indicate that this fish assemblage is dominated by cartilaginous species (spotted ratfish [Hydrolagus colliei] and spiny dogfish [Squalus acanthias]) and therefore differs fundamentally from fish assemblages found in shallower estuaries in the northeast Pacific. Diversity was greatest in shallow waters (80 m) that are more common in Puget Sound and that are dominated by spotted ratf ish and seasonally (fall and summer) by spiny dogfish. Strong depth-dependent variation in the demersal fish assemblage may be a general feature of deep fjord estuaries and indicates pronounced spatial variability in the food web. Future comparisons with less impacted fjords may offer insight into whether cartilaginous species naturally dominate these systems or only do so under conditions related to human-caused ecosystem degradation. Information on species distributions is critical for marine spatial planning and for modeling energy flows in coastal food webs. The data presented here will aid these endeavors and highlight areas for future research in this important yet understudied system

Population, community and food web impacts of hypoxia : a synthesis of findings from Hood Canal

Hypoxia is a regular, yet increasingly prevalent feature of southern regions of Hood Canal, WA. While occasional fish kill events garner much public attention, these events are rare and may therefore may not be as important as effects from non-lethal levels of dissolved oxygen. Low levels (near 2 mg / l ) are common and species have a range of responses Here I use results from multiple investigations to illustrate the nature and magnitude of effects. On a population level, long lived sessile species like geoduck clams show clear evidence of substantial impacts from hypoxia. In addition, several sessile invertebrate species are locally impacted. In contrast, mobile demersal fish and invertebrates show a behavioral response to periods of low dissolved oxygen but these are temporary. We also find that valuable species such as Dungeness crab shoal in nearshore habitats where they are vulnerable to recreational fishing gear. We find that effects at the food web level are unclear. Specifically, euphausiids play a key role in the food web, yet show little evidence of density or distributional response. However, detailed tracking of planktivorous fish feeding and distribution suggests that low dissolved oxygen might tighten trophic connectivity between these two species. Notably, this occurs despite levels of dissolved oxygen that are physiologically stressful. Future work should focus more on ecological consequences of localized depletion and behavioral responses to low dissolved oxyge

The image of 4-H as perceived by selected Tennessee seventh graders

The 4-H organization for youth ages 9-19, is the youth education program of the Cooperative Extension Service. Tennessee\u27s 4-H program had 185,000-plus members in 1993-94, up from 171,685 in 1992-93. Even though there has been an overall increase in enrollment, there has been an average 38 percent decrease in membership from the sixth to seventh grades during the past five years. One reason which could have an effect on the decreasing membership is the perception of the image of 4-H to these students. The purpose of this study was to look at relationships between 4-H membership and selected personal and family characteristics, and respondents\u27 attitudes regarding the image of 4-H; to study the relationships between selected demographic variables and the 4-H members\u27 level of participation in 4-H; to study the relationship between the level of parental support and the 4-H members\u27 level of participation in 4-H; and to determine nonmembers\u27 and drop-out members\u27 perceptions of why they did not join or dropped out of 4-H, respectively. A questionnaire was developed with these objectives in mind. The surveys were administered by 4-H agents to seventh grade students at one school in each of six randomly selected counties. The findings in this study indicated that 4-H\u27ers who were more involved in 4-H made better grades (A\u27s and B\u27s), lived on a farm, were influenced by a 4-H agent to join, and had strong parental support for their participation in 4-H. The findings also indicated that 4-H members in general made better grades (A\u27s and B\u27s), had a mother/guardian working outside the home, had parents who were previous 4-H members, had friends who were 4-H members, and had positive attitudes toward 4-H. However, the findings also indicated that those 4-H members making better grades (A\u27s and B\u27s) were less likely to remain in 4-H—as were those 4-H members who were 14 or older. Findings also indicated the three main reasons nonmembers never joined 4-H and drop out members left 4-H were: 4-H didn\u27t meet their interests, they didn\u27t have time, and there were other reasons. Nonmembers also felt they didn\u27t know enough about 4-H. Another finding was that more than 50 percent of the 4-H members either agreed with or were undecided about the statement that 4-H was boring. Based upon these findings, it is recommended that: 1) more activities be developed which deal with more current issues facing the 4-H members or needed life skills; 2) more activities be developed for the older 4-H members in order to retain their membership; 3) a more aggressive program be implemented where the older members provide leadership, activities, and support for the younger 4-H members; 4) family activities be provided to encourage parental support of 4-H; and 5) 4-H agents should work with 4-H members in this age group to see what aspects of 4-H the members feel are boring and obtain suggestions and ideas for improvement

Student Success in Face-to-Face and Online Sections of Biology Courses at a Community College in East Tennessee

The purpose of this quantitative study was to determine if there were significant differences in student success in face-to-face and online biology courses as categorized by gender, major, and age; and as measured by lecture grades, lab grades, and final course grades. The data used for analyses included data from 170 face-to-face sections and 127 online sections from a biology course during the fall and spring semesters beginning fall 2008 through spring 2011. Researchers have reported mixed findings in previous studies juxtaposing online and face-to-face course delivery formats, from no significant differences to differences in grades, learning styles, and satisfaction levels. Four research questions guided this study with data analysis involving t-tests for independent groups and chi-square tests. This researcher noted significant differences in the results of this study: grades, success rates by gender, success rates by health and nonhealth majors, and nontraditional age (≥25) success rate were higher for students in the face-to-face courses; and the attrition rate was higher for students in the online course sections. There was no significant difference found in the success rate for traditional age (\u3c25) students in the face-to-face sections compared to those in the online sections

Beliefs of teachers and principals regarding Iste\u27s 2000 technology standards for all teachers

The purpose of this study was to ascertain if there were significant differences in the way teachers and principals articulated their beliefs about technology standards for all teachers. In comparing secondary principals to secondary teachers using the statistical instruments, it was found that the variables: secondary levels (middle and high) and positions (principal, English, math, science and social studies teachers) were not significantly different. In addition, the statistical analysis indicated that there were no significant interactions between secondary levels and educational positions. Examination of the mean values and the frequency distributions of teachers and principals revealed that the means of teachers and principals were similar. Further comparisons between principals and teachers using the same statistical instruments revealed that age and years as a principal were significantly different in respect to how each group responded to each of ISTE\u27s performance indicators. Participants in the 51--60 age group responded more favorably to the performance indicators compared to age groups 21--30, 31--40 and 41--50; The responses by the teachers and principals both at the middle and high school level indicated that a large percentage of the teachers and principals agreed or strongly agreed with ISTE\u27s technology standards for all teachers. For example, fifty-eight (58%) of middle school principals surveyed strongly agreed with the standards, and forty percent (40%) of the middle school principals surveyed agreed with the standards. Fifty-four point six percent (54.6%) of the teachers surveyed strongly agreed with the standards, and forty-three point nine percent (43.9%) agreed with the standards; The responses were similar for high school respondents. Fifty (50%) of the high school principals surveyed strongly agreed with the standards, and forty-eight percent (48%) of the high school principals surveyed agreed with the standards. Forty-eight point six percent (48.6%) of the teachers surveyed strongly agreed with the standards, and forty-eight point nine percent (48.9%) of the teachers surveyed agreed with the standards

"The rebellion's rebellious little brother" : the martial, diplomatic, political, and personal struggles of John Sevier, first governor of Tennessee

In a special edition of the Knoxville Gazette, commemorating the memory of Tennessee’s first governor, a state historian stated that although John Sevier had faults, we should find them insignificant to his heroism. Since his reinterment, in 1889, historians have overwhelmingly favored Sevier’s military and political accomplishments and downplayed potentially disgraceful episodes of his life. They placed him on a pedestal with the founding generation. Moreover, Sevier’s biographical works reveal more about the eras in which biographers wrote than about Sevier’s lifetime. This study showcases the less favorable incidents in Sevier’s life, and examines them through a gendered lens. What I hope to reveal are aspects of Sevier’s life which have gone unnoticed by generations of historians. At times Sevier acted in ways which were self-serving and self-deprecating. His actions reveal his wants and desires, as well as those of his compatriots. Eighteenth-century men struggled to identify their role as men within the new nation. This gendered approach leads to a more holistic and complicated portrait of Tennessee’s founding father and a generation of men on the frontier

Influence of Citrate and Phosphate on the Adsorption of Adenosine-5′-Monophosphate at the Hematite Water Interface

Nucleic acid derived organic phosphorus (Po) is an important source of plant available P when degraded to inorganic phosphate (P(V)i). It is known that when nucleic acids or components are adsorbed on mineral surfaces, the enzymatic degradation is hindered or delayed. Thus, understanding adsorption/desorption mechanisms of nucleic acids and their derivatives are key to assess the biogeochemical pathways of Po cycling. Here we report adsorption mechanisms of adenosine-5′-monophosphate (AMP) on hematite, a common iron oxide mineral, under various solution properties using macroscopic and in situ attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopic probes. The effects of citrate, mimicking organic acids from roots exudates, and the influence of P(V)i, representing inorganic fertilizer application, were also evaluated on the release of adsorbed AMP under various solution properties. The results suggested that AMP adsorbed with the hematite surface via the phosphate moiety, N7 atom and the π electron systems of the adenine moiety. The presence of citrate significantly decreased the AMP adsorption, which was also corroborated by the negative phosphate IR bands in the results of AMP and citrate competitive adsorption experiments monitored by in situ ATR-FTIR probe. Like citrate, P(V)i also reduced AMP adsorption on hematite. Our findings suggest a potential novel pathway of nucleic acid derived Po cycling in the soil environment

A recital

LD2668 .R4 MUSC 1988 E87Master of MusicMusic, Theatre, and Danc