Morbimortalidade relacionada à disfunção renal aguda estimada pelo critério pRIFLE em crianças submetidas a cirurgia cardíaca

Objetivos: O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar associação entre ocorrência de disfunção renal aguda de acordo com o critério RIFLE pediátrico (pRIFLE) e desfechos negativos em crianças em pós-operatório de cirurgia cardíaca. Métodos: Crianças submetidas à cirurgia cardíaca em um hospital terciário no sul do Brasil foram acompanhadas da internação até a alta da Unidade de Terapia Intensiva Pediátrica (UTIP) ou óbito. A variável de exposição foi ocorrência de disfunção renal aguda de acordo com o critério pRIFLE, que divide disfunção renal aguda em 3 categorias: R-Risco, I-Lesão, F-Insuficiência. Os desfechos estudados foram morte, tempo de ventilação mecânica (VM) e tempo de internação na UTIP. Resultados: Oitenta e cinco crianças foram estudadas. Quarenta e sete (55,3%) não desenvolveram disfunção renal aguda durante a internação na UTIP, enquanto que 22 (25,9%), 7 (8,2%) e 9 (10,6%) foram classificadas nos grupos R, I, e F, respectivamente. A incidência de óbito foi de 18,4% e de 4,2% nos pacientes com e sem disfunção renal aguda, respectivamente. Comparado a crianças que não desenvolveram disfunção renal, a razão de chances ajustada de óbito foi 1,046 (0,09-11,11), 8,358 (1,32-52,63) e 7,855 (1,53-40,29) nos grupos R, I, e F, respectivamente (p = 0,022). Os tempos de VM e de internação na UTIP foram significativamente maiores nas crianças com disfunção renal aguda. Conclusões: Ocorrência de disfunção renal aguda de acordo com o critério pRIFLE está associado com maior morbidade (maior tempo de VM e de internação na UTIP) e maior mortalidade em crianças em pós-operatório de cirurgia cardíaca.Objectives: This study aims to investigate association between occurrence of acute kidney injury (AKI) according to pediatric RIFLE (pRIFLE) criteria and adverse outcomes in children after heart surgery. Methods: Children submitted to open heart surgery in a tertiary hospital in Southern Brazil were followed from arrival until discharge from the Pediatric Intensive care Unit (PICU) or death. The exposition variable was occurrence of AKI according to pRIFLE criteria, which divides AKI in three categories: R-Risk, I-Injury, F-Failure. The outcomes studied were death, length of mechanical ventilation (MV) and length of PICU stay. Results: Eighty five children were studied. Forty seven (55.3%) did not have AKI during PICU stay, while 22 (25.9%), 7 (8.2%) and 9 (10.6%) were classified as R, I and F, respectively. The incidence of death was 18.4% and 4.2% in patients with and without AKI, respectively. Comparing to children who did not develop AKI, the adjusted odds ratio for death was 1.046 (0.09-11.11), 8.358 (1.32-52.63) and 7.855 (1.53-40.29) in the R, I and F group, respectively (p = 0.022). Lengths of MV and of PICU stay were significantly higher in those with AKI. Conclusions: Occurrence of AKI according to pRIFLE criteria is associated to adverse outcomes in children after open heart surgery

Morbimortalidade relacionada à disfunção renal aguda estimada pelo critério pRIFLE em crianças submetidas a cirurgia cardíaca

Objetivos: O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar associação entre ocorrência de disfunção renal aguda de acordo com o critério RIFLE pediátrico (pRIFLE) e desfechos negativos em crianças em pós-operatório de cirurgia cardíaca. Métodos: Crianças submetidas à cirurgia cardíaca em um hospital terciário no sul do Brasil foram acompanhadas da internação até a alta da Unidade de Terapia Intensiva Pediátrica (UTIP) ou óbito. A variável de exposição foi ocorrência de disfunção renal aguda de acordo com o critério pRIFLE, que divide disfunção renal aguda em 3 categorias: R-Risco, I-Lesão, F-Insuficiência. Os desfechos estudados foram morte, tempo de ventilação mecânica (VM) e tempo de internação na UTIP. Resultados: Oitenta e cinco crianças foram estudadas. Quarenta e sete (55,3%) não desenvolveram disfunção renal aguda durante a internação na UTIP, enquanto que 22 (25,9%), 7 (8,2%) e 9 (10,6%) foram classificadas nos grupos R, I, e F, respectivamente. A incidência de óbito foi de 18,4% e de 4,2% nos pacientes com e sem disfunção renal aguda, respectivamente. Comparado a crianças que não desenvolveram disfunção renal, a razão de chances ajustada de óbito foi 1,046 (0,09-11,11), 8,358 (1,32-52,63) e 7,855 (1,53-40,29) nos grupos R, I, e F, respectivamente (p = 0,022). Os tempos de VM e de internação na UTIP foram significativamente maiores nas crianças com disfunção renal aguda. Conclusões: Ocorrência de disfunção renal aguda de acordo com o critério pRIFLE está associado com maior morbidade (maior tempo de VM e de internação na UTIP) e maior mortalidade em crianças em pós-operatório de cirurgia cardíaca.Objectives: This study aims to investigate association between occurrence of acute kidney injury (AKI) according to pediatric RIFLE (pRIFLE) criteria and adverse outcomes in children after heart surgery. Methods: Children submitted to open heart surgery in a tertiary hospital in Southern Brazil were followed from arrival until discharge from the Pediatric Intensive care Unit (PICU) or death. The exposition variable was occurrence of AKI according to pRIFLE criteria, which divides AKI in three categories: R-Risk, I-Injury, F-Failure. The outcomes studied were death, length of mechanical ventilation (MV) and length of PICU stay. Results: Eighty five children were studied. Forty seven (55.3%) did not have AKI during PICU stay, while 22 (25.9%), 7 (8.2%) and 9 (10.6%) were classified as R, I and F, respectively. The incidence of death was 18.4% and 4.2% in patients with and without AKI, respectively. Comparing to children who did not develop AKI, the adjusted odds ratio for death was 1.046 (0.09-11.11), 8.358 (1.32-52.63) and 7.855 (1.53-40.29) in the R, I and F group, respectively (p = 0.022). Lengths of MV and of PICU stay were significantly higher in those with AKI. Conclusions: Occurrence of AKI according to pRIFLE criteria is associated to adverse outcomes in children after open heart surgery

State-Building During and After Conflict : Explaining the Roles of Security Sector Reform and Rule of Law on Legitimacy in Two Provinces of Uruzgan and Zabul, Afghanistan

The concept of state-building has become a dominant approach to rebuild weak and fragile states and transform their institutions into more legitimate ones. However, in the context of state-building, legitimacy has often been treated as an exogenous phenomenon, ignoring the perspective of the local population. This approach has often led to the creation of western-type institutions, but without much understanding of how the local people would perceive them. This thesis investigates how state-building activities in the forms of Security Sector Reform (SSR) and rule of law enhance legitimacy among the local population. The study argues that when state-building activities are carried out in a more robust fashion and given enough time, the results can positively affect legitimacy. In order to test the theoretical argument, linking SSR and rule of law to legitimacy, the study conducts a structured, focused comparison of two provinces of Afghanistan: Uruzgan and Zabul, where state-building activities took place between 2008 and 2012. The study’s findings support the hypothesis. Levels of legitimacy in Uruzgan were enhanced because there were more robust activities aimed at improving security sector reform and rule of law. On the contrary, Zabul experienced loss in the levels legitimacy because state-building activities were much weaker.

Admission source and mortality in a pediatric intensive care unit

Background and Aims: Studies carried out in different countries have shown that source of patient admission in Intensive Care Units (ICUs) is associated to death. Patients admitted from wards show a greater ICU mortality. The aim of the present study was to investigate the association between admission source and outcome in a Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU). Materials and Methods: We studied all PICU admissions that took place between January 2002 and December 2005 in a tertiary hospital in Brazil. The major outcome studied was death while in the PICU. The independent variable analyzed was admission source, defined either as pediatric emergency room (PER), wards, operating room (OR) of the same hospital or other sources. Results: A total of 1823 admissions were studied. The overall expected mortality based on the Pediatric Index of Mortality 2 was 6.5% and the observed mortality was 10.3%. In adjusted analysis, the mortality was doubled in patients admitted from wards when compared with the PER patients. Conclusions: Observed mortality rates were higher in patients admitted from wards within the same hospital, even after adjustment

Admission source and mortality in a pediatric intensive care unit

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Studies carried out in different countries have shown that source of patient admission in Intensive Care Units (ICUs) is associated to death. Patients admitted from wards show a greater ICU mortality. The aim of the present study was to investigate the association between admission source and outcome in a Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU). MATERIALS AND METHODS: We studied all PICU admissions that took place between January 2002 and December 2005 in a tertiary hospital in Brazil. The major outcome studied was death while in the PICU. The independent variable analyzed was admission source, defined either as pediatric emergency room (PER), wards, operating room (OR) of the same hospital or other sources. RESULTS: A total of 1823 admissions were studied. The overall expected mortality based on the Pediatric Index of Mortality 2 was 6.5% and the observed mortality was 10.3%. In adjusted analysis, the mortality was doubled in patients admitted from wards when compared with the PER patients. CONCLUSIONS: Observed mortality rates were higher in patients admitted from wards within the same hospital, even after adjustment