Heavy quarkonium: progress, puzzles, and opportunities

A golden age for heavy quarkonium physics dawned a decade ago, initiated by the confluence of exciting advances in quantum chromodynamics (QCD) and an explosion of related experimental activity. The early years of this period were chronicled in the Quarkonium Working Group (QWG) CERN Yellow Report (YR) in 2004, which presented a comprehensive review of the status of the field at that time and provided specific recommendations for further progress. However, the broad spectrum of subsequent breakthroughs, surprises, and continuing puzzles could only be partially anticipated. Since the release of the YR, the BESII program concluded only to give birth to BESIII; the $B$-factories and CLEO-c flourished; quarkonium production and polarization measurements at HERA and the Tevatron matured; and heavy-ion collisions at RHIC have opened a window on the deconfinement regime. All these experiments leave legacies of quality, precision, and unsolved mysteries for quarkonium physics, and therefore beg for continuing investigations. The plethora of newly-found quarkonium-like states unleashed a flood of theoretical investigations into new forms of matter such as quark-gluon hybrids, mesonic molecules, and tetraquarks. Measurements of the spectroscopy, decays, production, and in-medium behavior of c\bar{c}, b\bar{b}, and b\bar{c} bound states have been shown to validate some theoretical approaches to QCD and highlight lack of quantitative success for others. The intriguing details of quarkonium suppression in heavy-ion collisions that have emerged from RHIC have elevated the importance of separating hot- and cold-nuclear-matter effects in quark-gluon plasma studies. This review systematically addresses all these matters and concludes by prioritizing directions for ongoing and future efforts.Comment: 182 pages, 112 figures. Editors: N. Brambilla, S. Eidelman, B. K. Heltsley, R. Vogt. Section Coordinators: G. T. Bodwin, E. Eichten, A. D. Frawley, A. B. Meyer, R. E. Mitchell, V. Papadimitriou, P. Petreczky, A. A. Petrov, P. Robbe, A. Vair

DETERMINATION OF CONSTANT 3D CUTTING FORCE COEFFICIENTS

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Research on single-point diamond fly-grooving of brittle materials

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the machining mechanisms that accompany the single-point diamond fly-cutting operation in grooving of brittle materials. Single-point diamond fly-cutting is widely used in precision machining of free-form optics, semiconductor devices, and micro-electromechanical system (MEMS) components among many others. The undeformed chip zone was analyzed and its relation to the critical brittle/ductile transition depth of cut was discussed. Then, a mechanics-based model was proposed to describe the material stress condition under the diamond tool. The machining parameters were incorporated into the model to understand fly-cutting behavior. It was shown that the fly-cutting technique is highly suitable for the ductile removal of brittle materials by generating large compressive pressures in the chip formation zone. This condition can be further enhanced by a small feedrate and a large negative rake angle of the diamond tool used. The theoretical results were substantiated and verified by fly-grooving experiments performed on mono-crystalline silicon. ? 2014 Springer-Verlag London

Comparative Assessment of the Laser Induced Plasma Micromachining and the Micro-EDM Processes

Micro-electro-discharge machining (micro-EDM) is a well-established micromanufacturing process and has been at the center of research for the last few decades. However, it has its own limitations. The limitations are primarily due to the requirement of a tool and electric potential between the tool and the workpiece. The laser induced plasma micromachining (LIP-MM) is a novel tool-less multimaterial selective material removal type of micromachining process. In a manner similar to micro-EDM, it also removes material through plasma-matter interaction. However, instead of a tool and electric potential, it uses an ultra-short laser beam to generate plasma within a transparent dielectric media and thus circumvents some of the limitations associated with micro-EDM. The paper presents an experimental investigation on the comparative assessment of the capabilities of the two processes in the machining of microchannels in stainless steel. For comparative assessment of their processing capabilities, microchannels were machined by the two processes at similar pulse energy levels, while other process parameters were maintained at their optimal values for their respective process technology requirements. The comparative assessment was based on the geometric characteristics, material removal rate (MRR), effect of tool wear, and the range of machinable materials