A combined constructed wetland for treatment of milk house effluents in Hódmezővásárhely, Hungary

A gyökérzónás, illetve tavas szennyvíztisztítási eljárások egy költségkímélő megoldási lehetőséget nyújthatnak a felszíni és felszín alatti vizet terhelő mezőgazdasági emissziók csökkentésében Magyarországon. Jelen cikkben bemutatásra kerülnek a TOKAI-projekt névvel ellátott, nemzetközi együttműködés keretében épült természet-közeli szennyvíztisztító eddigi üzemelési tapasztalatai. A nemzetközi együttműködés egyik célja annak vizsgálata volt, hogy a gyökérzónás szennyvíztisztítási technológia alkalmazható-e a mezőgazdasági szennyvizek kezelésére a magyarországi éghajlati viszonyok mellett, megfelelve a hazai jogi szabályozásnak. A bemutatásra kerülő egyéves üzemeltetési tapasztalatok összehasonlításra kerülnek a nemzetközi szakirodalmi értékelésekben foglaltakkal. Az összehasonlítás alapja, többek között a fajlagos szervesanyag-terhelés, tisztítási hatékonyság, fajlagos hidraulikai terhelés, stb

Estimated seasonal daily evapotranspiration rates for a horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetland

We measured the daily evapotranspiration on a horizontal sub-surface flow constructed wetland in Hódmezővásárhely, Hungary. The main focus of our research was the seasonality of evapotranspiration in this CW. We measured the water balance of the CW and searched days when no precipitation, no inlet or outlet impacted on the water balance of the constructed wetland, only the evapotranspiration. had impact on the water balance. The results show that in spring the evapotranspiration rates were between 18-42,6 mm/day, in summer 12,3-42,3 mm/ day and in autumn the values were 13,6-22,7 mm/day. The highest hourly evapotranspiration was 16,3% of the daily evapotranspiration. This value was 415 % of the average, hourly hydraulic load that can significantly affects on the effluent concentration. The results also show the morning and evening condensation which has two main effects. On the other hand, the water balance of the CW is increased, which results the decrease of the concentration of wastewater

The application of biogas fermentation digestate as soil fertilizer

As organic manure is becoming less available, using different materials as soil fertilizers and the application of the inorganic fertilizers raises many questions. Therefore, it is increasingly important to use compost and biogas digestate to improve soil quality. The activity of the microbial communities ensures the fertility of the soil. One of the most important enzymes is dehydrogenase. This enzyme group catalyses the hydrogen transfer in the process of biological oxidation. Our aim was to examine the effect of biogas digestate on dehydrogenase enzyme activity (DHA) in 3 different types of soil. Hungarian standard method was used to evaluate DHA. The applied biogas digestate was obtained from the Kaposvár Sugar Factory of Hungarian Sugar Ltd. The dose is equal to 16,7 m3ha-1 and 533 kg organic matterha-1. The treatment was performed in three different groups of soil: brown forest soil, calcareous chernozem and carbonate meadow soil. The results showed an increase in DHA in all types of soil. DHA values were the highest in case of the carbonate meadow soil, specifically 0.337 mg formazan/1 g soil/24 h immediately after the treatment and 0.410 after 28 days. A critical aspect to consider during the construction of biogas plants is the soil protection agency’s ban on using soil fertilizers during the winter months. Analysis carried out according to the protocol of sewage sludge examination revealed that biofermentate produced during biogas generation does not contain any environmentally harmful components. After the elaboration of a soil protection plan, the recommended way to apply biogas digestate to arable land is via injectors. &nbsp

Enzyme activities in soil at increasing metal (Cu, Ni, Pb) doses and time-dependence in a model experiment

Aim of this paper is to examine the effect of spiked copper (Cu), nickel (Ni) and lead (Pb) metal salts on the dehydrogenase (oxydo-reductase) and phosphatase (hydrolase) enzyme activities in a characteristic Hungarian soil, the pseudomycelliar chernozem. Pot-experiment was performed with a soil, originating from a spot of the Hungarian soil-information-monitoring (TIM) system of Bicserd. The added metal salts were used in water soluble forms and incorporated uniformly to the soil. Soils were treated with increasing metal concentrations to give the following metal amounts: 0, 50, 200, and 800 kg.ha-1. Enzyme activities of the soil were analysed at the 0th, 7 th, 14 th, and 28th days after the metal addition. The laboratory model-experiment has been set up in three replicates. Effects of metal salts were largely dependent on the chemical and physical properties of pseudomycelliar chernozem soil, the applied heavy metal-types, the doses of used metals and the elapsed time after the pollution. Considering the different metals, the copper prowed to be the most toxic one on the studied enzyme activities, whereas the lead induced those. By comparison with copper the nickel affected a smaller decrease in the soil microbial activity. The dehydrogenase, oxydo-reductase enzyme was found to be more sensitive parameter in comparison with the phosphatase, hydrolase enzyme among the studied condition. Studied enzymes and used methods are suggested, as fast and rather reliable tools for estimating the soil-resilience capacities at heavy metal pollution

Estimated seasonal daily evapotranspiration rates for a horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetland

We measured the daily evapotranspiration on a horizontal sub-surface flow constructed wetland in Hódmezővásárhely, Hungary. The main focus of our research was the seasonality of evapotranspiration in this CW. We measured the water balance of the CW and searched days when no precipitation, no inlet or outlet impacted on the water balance of the constructed wetland, only the evapotranspiration. had impact on the water balance. The results show that in spring the evapotranspiration rates were between 18-42,6 mm/day, in summer 12,3-42,3 mm/ day and in autumn the values were 13,6-22,7 mm/day. The highest hourly evapotranspiration was 16,3% of the daily evapotranspiration. This value was 415 % of the average, hourly hydraulic load that can significantly affects on the effluent concentration. The results also show the morning and evening condensation which has two main effects. On the other hand, the water balance of the CW is increased, which results the decrease of the concentration of wastewater

Vízszennyező anyagok lebontása mikrohullámmal intenzifikált Fenton-reakció alkalmazásával

Az élelmiszertechnológiai láncban a feldolgozás, tisztítási és működtetési folyamatok során jelentős mennyiségben keletkezik számottevő szerves- és szervetlenanyag-tartalommal rendelkező szennyvíz. A feldolgozástechnológiától és az alapanyagoktól függően a keletkező szennyvizek mennyiségi és minőségi jellemzői jelentős eltéréseket mutathatnak, előrejelzésük sokszor nem is lehetséges. Emiatt a csatornarendszerbe, esetleg környezetbe való kihelyezésük előtt a szennyvizek károsanyag-taralmát mindenképpen csökkenteni kell, amelyre napjainkban már számtalan technológia rendelkezésre áll. Számos tudományos kutatás számolt be arról, hogy bizonyos oxidoreduktív reakciókon alapuló folyamatokkal a szennyvizek szerves szennyezőanyag-tartalma jelentős mértékben csökkenthető. Kutatásaink során mikrohullámmal kombinált Fenton-eljárás szennyezőanyag-tartalom csökkenésre gyakorolt hatásait vizsgáltuk húsipari szennyvíz esetében, eltérő dóziskoncentrációkkal és mikrohullámú működtetési paraméterekkel. Kutatásunk továbbá kiterjedt a szerves anyagok eltávolításának dielektromos paraméterek mérésével történő nyomon követhetőségére is a klasszikus analitikai metódusok mellett

Enzyme activities in soil at increasing metal (Cu, Ni, Pb) doses and time-dependence in a model experiment

Aim of this paper is to examine the effect of spiked copper (Cu), nickel (Ni) and lead (Pb) metal salts on the dehydrogenase (oxydo-reductase) and phosphatase (hydrolase) enzyme activities in a characteristic Hungarian soil, the pseudomycelliar chernozem. Pot-experiment was performed with a soil, originating from a spot of the Hungarian soil-information-monitoring (TIM) system of Bicserd. The added metal salts were used in water soluble forms and incorporated uniformly to the soil. Soils were treated with increasing metal concentrations to give the following metal amounts: 0, 50, 200, and 800 kg.ha-1 . Enzyme activities of the soil were analysed at the 0th, 7 th, 14 th, and 28th days after the metal addition. The laboratory modelexperiment has been set up in three replicates. Effects of metal salts were largely dependent on the chemical and physical properties of pseudomycelliar chernozem soil, the applied heavy metal-types, the doses of used metals and the elapsed time after the pollution. Considering the different metals, the copper prowed to be the most toxic one on the studied enzyme activities, whereas the lead induced those. By comparison with copper the nickel affected a smaller decrease in the soil microbial activity. The dehydrogenase, oxydo-reductase enzyme was found to be more sensitive parameter in comparison with the phosphatase, hydrolase enzyme among the studied condition. Studied enzymes and used methods are suggested, as fast and rather reliable tools for estimating the soilresilience capacities at heavy metal pollution

The application of biogas fermentation digestate as soil fertilizer

As organic manure is becoming less available, using different materials as soil fertilizers and the application of the inorganic fertilizers raises many questions. Therefore, it is increasingly important to use compost and biogas digestate to improve soil quality. The activity of the microbial communities ensures the fertility of the soil. One of the most important enzymes is dehydrogenase. This enzyme group catalyses the hydrogen transfer in the process of biological oxidation. Our aim was to examine the effect of biogas digestate on dehydrogenase enzyme activity (DHA) in 3 different types of soil. Hungarian standard method was used to evaluate DHA. The applied biogas digestate was obtained from the Kaposvár Sugar Factory of Hungarian Sugar Ltd. The dose is equal to 16,7 m3ha-1 and 533 kg organic matterha-1. The treatment was performed in three different groups of soil: brown forest soil, calcareous chernozem and carbonate meadow soil. The results showed an increase in DHA in all types of soil. DHA values were the highest in case of the carbonate meadow soil, specifically 0.337 mg formazan/1 g soil/24 h immediately after the treatment and 0.410 after 28 days. A critical aspect to consider during the construction of biogas plants is the soil protection agency’s ban on using soil fertilizers during the winter months. Analysis carried out according to the protocol of sewage sludge examination revealed that biofermentate produced during biogas generation does not contain any environmentally harmful components. After the elaboration of a soil protection plan, the recommended way to apply biogas digestate to arable land is via injectors