9 research outputs found
Tax Policy and the Asian Crisis
Capital;Asia;tax policy, interest, debt, restructuring, tax incentives, tax systems, loans, tax system, tax administration, tax breaks, tax reform, taxation, taxes, tax rates, liabilities, tax credits, tax administrations, debt equity, taxable income, payments, fiscal incentives, foreign capital, foreign borrowing, taxpayers, tax avoidance, debt restructuring, foreign debt, debt forgiveness, tax base, tax reforms, debt equity ratios, capital tax, tax bases, debt equity swaps, insolvency, tax burden, tax revenue, interest differentials, corporation tax, obligations, tax returns, tax reductions
Tax Policy and the Environment
This paper provides a framework for examining environment taxes. It reviews the theoretical efficiency of three types of environment taxes: taxes on emissions or Pigouvian taxes; taxes on productive inputs or consumer goods whose use is related to environmental damage; and environment-related provisions in other taxes. A survey of environment taxes in 42 countries--drawn from developing countries, economies in transition, and industrial countries--illustrates that the use of environment taxes differs dramatically from the recommendations of environment tax theory. This divergence between the theory and practice of environment taxes can be attributed to several factors; environment taxes are difficult to implement, there are many factors that impede their effectiveness, and their introduction may be discouraged by their implications for other policy objectives.
Staff Growth in International Organizations: A Principal-Agent Problem? An Empirical Analysis
Beyond User Acceptance: A Legitimacy Framework for Potable Water Reuse in California
Water
resource managers often tout the potential of potable water
reuse to provide a reliable, local source of drinking water in water-scarce
regions. Despite data documenting the ability of advanced treatment
technologies to treat municipal wastewater effluent to meet existing
drinking water quality standards, many utilities face skepticism from
the public about potable water reuse. Prior research on this topic
has mainly focused on marketing strategies for garnering public acceptance
of the process. This study takes a broader perspective on the adoption
of potable water reuse based on concepts of societal legitimacy, which
is the generalized perception or assumption that a technology is desirable
or appropriate within its social context. To assess why some potable
reuse projects were successfully implemented while others faced
fierce public opposition, we performed a series of 20 expert interviews
and reviewed in-depth case studies from potable reuse projects in
California. Results show that proponents of a legitimated potable water reuse project
in Orange County, California engaged in a portfolio of strategies
that addressed three main dimensions of legitimacy. In contrast, other proposed projects that faced extensive public opposition relied on a smaller
set of legitimation strategies that focused near-exclusively on the
development of robust water treatment technology. Widespread legitimation
of potable water reuse projects, including direct potable water reuse,
may require the establishment of a portfolio of standards, procedures,
and possibly new institutions