Participatory methods for the assessment of the ownership status of free-roaming dogs in Bali, Indonesia, for disease control and animal welfare

The existence of unowned, free-roaming dogs capable of maintaining adequate body condition without direct human oversight has serious implications for disease control and animal welfare, including reducing effective vaccination coverage against rabies through limiting access for vaccination, and absolving humans from the responsibility of providing adequate care for a domesticated species. Mark-recapture methods previously used to estimate the fraction of unowned dogs in free-roaming populations have limitations, particularly when most of the dogs are owned. We used participatory methods, described as Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA), as a novel alternative to mark-recapture methods in two villages in Bali, Indonesia. PRA was implemented at the banjar (or sub-village)-level to obtain consensus on the food sources of the free-roaming dogs. Specific methods included semi-structured discussion, visualisation tools and ranking. The PRA results agreed with the preceding household surveys and direct observations, designed to evaluate the same variables, and confirmed that a population of unowned, free-roaming dogs in sufficiently good condition to be sustained independently of direct human support was unlikely to exist

DETECTION OF SAG1 AND BAG1 Toxoplasma gondii DNA PROBES LABELLED WITH DIGOXIGENIN-11-dUTP

The objective of this research was to detect a minimum concentration of the probes that could be used for dot blot hybridization analysis. The method required labeled DNA probes. In this study a non-radioactive label of Digoxigenin-11-dUTP was used for labeling the Sag1 and the Bag1 of Toxoplasma gondii DNA probe. Labeling method for the probes was done according to the random primed labeling technique. The result showed that 0.67 pg/µl Sag1 probe and 0.58 pg/µl Bag1 probe could be detected by anti-Dig-antibody. It could be concluded that 0.67 pg/µl Sag1 probe and 0.58 pg/µl Bag1 probe could be used to diagnose toxoplasmosis by dot blot hybridization method

The demography of free-roaming dog populations and applications to disease and population control

Understanding the demography of domestic dog populations is essential for effective disease control, particularly of canine-mediated rabies. Demographic data are also needed to plan effective population management. However, no study has comprehensively evaluated the contribution of demographic processes (i.e. births, deaths and movement) to variations in dog population size or density, or determined the factors that regulate these processes, including human factors. We report the results of a 3-year cohort study of domestic dogs, which is the first to generate detailed data on the temporal variation of these demographic characteristics. The study was undertaken in two communities in each of Bali, Indonesia and Johannesburg, South Africa, in rabies-endemic areas and where the majority of dogs were free-roaming. None of the four communities had been engaged in any dog population management interventions by local authorities or animal welfare organizations. All identified dogs in the four communities were monitored individually throughout the study. We observed either no population growth or a progressive decline in population size during the study period. There was no clear evidence that population size was regulated through environmental resource constraints. Rather, almost all of the identified dogs were owned and fed regularly by their owners, consistent with population size regulated by human demand. Finally, a substantial fraction of the dogs originated from outside the population, entirely through the translocation of dogs by people, rather than from local births. These findings demonstrate that previously reported growth of dog populations is not a general phenomenon and challenge the widely held view that free-roaming dogs are unowned and form closed populations. Synthesis and applications. These observations have broad implications for disease and population control. The accessibility of dogs for vaccination and evaluation through owners and the movement of dogs (some of them infected) by people will determine the viable options for disease control strategies. The impact of human factors on population dynamics will also influence the feasibility of annual vaccination campaigns to control rabies and population control through culling or sterilization. The complex relationship between dogs and people is critically important in the transmission and control of canine-mediated rabies. For effective management, human factors must be considered in the development of disease and population control programmes

Infeksi Cacing Nematoda Pada Usus Halus Babi di Lembah Baliem dan Pegunungan Arfak Papua

The purpose of this study was to identify the nematode of the small intestine of pigs in Arfak Mountains and Baliem Valley in Papua, and determine the prevalence of the nematode infection. Small intestine content of 20 pigs originated from Arfak Mountains and 10 pigs from Baliem Valley were examined to identify the nematode species. Four species of nematodes were found in small intestine of pigs namely, Strongyloides ransomi, Ascaris suum, Macracanthorhyncus hirudinaceus, and Globocephalus urosubulatus. The result of the study showed that the prevalence of nematode infections in small intestine  were highly, in which the Baliem Valley had the prevalence of 90%, and 40% in Arfak Mountains

Deteksi Antibodi dan Isolasi Toxoplasma gondii pada Itik lokal di Bali (DETECTION ANTIBODIES AND ISOLATION OF TOXOPLASMA GONDII IN DOMESTIC DUCK IN BALI )

This study was performed to determine detection antibodies and isolation T. gondii infection in domestic duck in Bali. A total, 188 domestic ducks sera were examined using indirect haemaglutination test  kit (IHA). Heart, brain and muscle of seropositive IHA test were used for isolation with pepsin-HCL digestion and bioassay in mice and cat.  The result of these research showed that  47 (25%) ducks were found to be positive for T. gondii antibodies at the cut-off  e” 1:64. The seroprevalence in male and female duck were 27,8% and  22,4% respectively, however, statistical analysis showed that the difference was not significant (P>0,05). The seroprevalence in cage and free-range duck were 18,7% and 29,2% respectively, but the difference was not statistically significant (P>0,05).  The antibodies titer  ranging from 1:64 to 1:2048.  Also, viable T. gondii was isolated from seropositive duck by bioassay mice and cat. Most of the isolated strains were avirulent to mice. This study showed that domestic duck could have a potensial role in transmitting toxoplasmosis to human in Bali

Seroprevalensi Bovine Cysticercosis pada Sapi Bali di Nusa Tenggara Barat, Indonesia (SEROPREVALENCE OF BOVINE CYSTICERCOSIS AT BALI CATTLE IN WEST NUSA TENGGARA, INDONESIA)

Bovine cysticercosis is one of the animal and public health problems throughout the world. Besides this disease has a negative impact on public health, also causing economic losses for farmers due to heavy infected carcasses should be rejected. Until now the availability of data related to this parasitic disease, especially in the Nusa Tenggara region is very limited.The purpose of this study was to obtain information on the prevalence and distribution of bovine cysticercosis on bali cattle in West Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia. The study was conducted by examining of bali cattle sera obtained from the farmer by ELISA (Bio-X Diagnostics’s Cysticercosis Antigen ELISA Kit). The results of ELISA examination of 92 serum samples with cut off 0.295, shows that there are 4 positive sera (4.35%). Three positive sera are originated from Lombok and one positive sera from Sumbawa. These results indicate that Lombok Island and Sumbawa Island in West Nusa Tenggara are not free from bovine cysticercosis. Since C. bovis infection is zoonotic, studies of risk factors are necessary, as well as the availability of information about the estimated burden of disease and the economic loss of the disease. It is recommended that veterinarians be more accurate when conducting post mortum examination, especially on the cattle which comes from a positive area

Potensi Babi Sebagai Sumber Penularan Penyakit Zoonosis Entamoeba spp

Pig is not only a source of protein and has a socio-cultural values, but also a potential source of some zoonotic disease. Entamoeba spp is a common zoonotic disease that are transferred by the pig. The aim of study is to determine the potential source of pig to transferred the zoonotic disease expecialy Entamoeba spp for human. One hundred seventy three feces samples of humans and 102 feces samples of pigs were collected in SAF solution. The prevalence of Entamoeba spp infections in human and pig were presented and analyzed statistic by using spearman correlation. The result of the study showed that the prevalence of Entamoeba spp in pig and human 32,4 % and 21,92% , it was the significant correlation (P<0,05) between the prevalence of Entamoeba spp infection in pig and human

SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY OF ELISA TEST USING 30 KDA RECOMBINANT ANTIGEN TO DETECT Toxoplasma gondii INFECTION IN PIG WITH MICE BIOASSAY AS A GOLD STANDARD

Toxoplasmosis is a zoonotic disease caused by the protozoa Toxoplasma gondii.Primary infection in pregnant women can cause abortion, neonatal death or abnormalityof fetus. Accurate diagnosis is needed to prevent infection especially related to thepresence of cyst in the tissuesThe aim of this research was to study sensitivity and specificity of ELISAmethod with 30 kDa protein antigen to detect T.gondii infection in pig with micebioassay as gold standard.. Samples were 171 pigs slaughtered at pig slaughter house inDarmasaba BadungThe result showed that sensitivity of ELISA method was 100% and 90,7% inspecificity.Research about sensitivity using ELISA test to predict cysts presence in tissuewere needed in the future