Nitrification in pastures on the Northern Tablelands of NSW

Abstract An incubation experiment assessed the effects of pasture management and soil depth on nitrification in grazing land on the Northern Tablelands of NSW. Soils from six paired sites, each comprising a paddock of exotic pasture amended with superphosphate and an adjacent roadside reserve of unfertilized pasture, were used in the experiment. Soil samples to a depth of 20 cm were amended with 6 mL of ammonium sulphate ((NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 ) at the rate of 100mg of NH 4 + -N / kg or 6 mL of deionized water and incubated for 24 days at 25ºC. Results from one of the sites are reported. It was found that nitrification in the paddock was significantly higher than the reserve and consistent with pasture management that provided ideal conditions for nitrifying bacteria and greater microbial activity. Nitrate concentrations decreased with increased depth for the paddock, yet nitrification, net accumulation of nitrate, did not decrease with depth

Nitrification in pastures on the Northern Tablelands of NSW

An incubation experiment assessed the effects of pasture management and soil depth on nitrification in grazing land on the Northern Tablelands of NSW. Soils from six paired sites, each comprising a paddock of exotic pasture amended with superphosphate and an adjacent roadside reserve of unfertilized pasture, were used in the experiment. Soil samples to a depth of 20 cm were amended with 6 mL of ammonium sulphate ((NH₄)₂SO₄) at the rate of 100mg of NH₄+-N / kg or 6 mL of deionized water and incubated for 24 days at 25°C. Results from one of the sites are reported. It was found that nitrification in the paddock was significantly higher than the reserve and consistent with pasture management that provided ideal conditions for nitrifying bacteria and greater microbial activity. Nitrate concentrations decreased with increased depth for the paddock, yet nitrification, net accumulation of nitrate, did not decrease with depth

Short Arrestin-3-Derived Peptides Activate JNK3 in Cells

Arrestins were first discovered as suppressors of G protein-mediated signaling by G protein-coupled receptors. It was later demonstrated that arrestins also initiate several signaling branches, including mitogen-activated protein kinase cascades. Arrestin-3-dependent activation of the JNK family can be recapitulated with peptide fragments, which are monofunctional elements distilled from this multi-functional arrestin protein. Here, we use maltose-binding protein fusions of arrestin-3-derived peptides to identify arrestin elements that bind kinases of the ASK1-MKK4/7-JNK3 cascade and the shortest peptide facilitating JNK signaling. We identified a 16-residue arrestin-3-derived peptide expressed as a Venus fusion that leads to activation of JNK3α2 in cells. The strength of the binding to the kinases does not correlate with peptide activity. The ASK1-MKK4/7-JNK3 cascade has been implicated in neuronal apoptosis. While inhibitors of MAP kinases exist, short peptides are the first small molecule tools that can activate MAP kinases

Serotype Replacement after Introduction of 10-Valent and 13-Valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccines in 10 Countries, Europe.

We evaluated invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) during 8 years of infant pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) programs using 10-valent (PCV10) and 13-valent (PCV13) vaccines in 10 countries in Europe. IPD incidence declined during 2011–2014 but increased during 2015–2018 in all age groups. From the 7-valent PCV period to 2018, IPD incidence declined by 42% in children 65 years of age; non-PCV13 serotype incidence increased by 111%, 63%, and 84%, respectively, for these groups. Trends were similar in countries using PCV13 or PCV10, despite different serotype distribution. In 2018, serotypes in the 15-valent and 20-valent PCVs represented one third of cases in children 65 years of age. Non-PCV13 serotype increases reduced the overall effect of childhood PCV10/PCV13 programs on IPD. New vaccines providing broader serotype protection are needed