Precision control of thermal transport in cryogenic single-crystal silicon devices

We report on the diffusive-ballistic thermal conductance of multi-moded single-crystal silicon beams measured below 1 K. It is shown that the phonon mean-free-path $\ell$ is a strong function of the surface roughness characteristics of the beams. This effect is enhanced in diffuse beams with lengths much larger than $\ell$, even when the surface is fairly smooth, 5-10 nm rms, and the peak thermal wavelength is 0.6 $\mu$m. Resonant phonon scattering has been observed in beams with a pitted surface morphology and characteristic pit depth of 30 nm. Hence, if the surface roughness is not adequately controlled, the thermal conductance can vary significantly for diffuse beams fabricated across a wafer. In contrast, when the beam length is of order $\ell$, the conductance is dominated by ballistic transport and is effectively set by the beam area. We have demonstrated a uniformity of $\pm$8% in fractional deviation for ballistic beams, and this deviation is largely set by the thermal conductance of diffuse beams that support the micro-electro-mechanical device and electrical leads. In addition, we have found no evidence for excess specific heat in single-crystal silicon membranes. This allows for the precise control of the device heat capacity with normal metal films. We discuss the results in the context of the design and fabrication of large-format arrays of far-infrared and millimeter wavelength cryogenic detectors

Scalable background-limited polarization-sensitive detectors for mm-wave applications

We report on the status and development of polarization-sensitive detectors for millimeter-wave applications. The detectors are fabricated on single-crystal silicon, which functions as a low-loss dielectric substrate for the microwave circuitry as well as the supporting membrane for the Transition-Edge Sensor (TES) bolometers. The orthomode transducer (OMT) is realized as a symmetric structure and on-chip filters are employed to define the detection bandwidth. A hybridized integrated enclosure reduces the high-frequency THz mode set that can couple to the TES bolometers. An implementation of the detector architecture at Q-band achieves 90% efficiency in each polarization. The design is scalable in both frequency coverage, 30-300 GHz, and in number of detectors with uniform characteristics. Hence, the detectors are desirable for ground-based or space-borne instruments that require large arrays of efficient background-limited cryogenic detectors.Comment: 7 pages, 3 figures, Presented at SPIE Astronomical Telescopes and Instrumentation 2014: Millimeter, Submillimeter, and Far-Infrared Detectors and Instrumentation for Astronomy VII. To be published in Proceedings of SPIE Volume 915

Silicon-Based Antenna-Coupled Polarization-Sensitive Millimeter-Wave Bolometer Arrays for Cosmic Microwave Background Instruments

We describe feedhorn-coupled polarization-sensitive detector arrays that utilize monocrystalline silicon as the dielectric substrate material. Monocrystalline silicon has a low-loss tangent and repeatable dielectric constant, characteristics that are critical for realizing efficient and uniform superconducting microwave circuits. An additional advantage of this material is its low specific heat. In a detector pixel, two Transition-Edge Sensor (TES) bolometers are antenna-coupled to in-band radiation via a symmetric planar orthomode transducer (OMT). Each orthogonal linear polarization is coupled to a separate superconducting microstrip transmission line circuit. On-chip filtering is employed to both reject out-of-band radiation from the upper band edge to the gap frequency of the niobium superconductor, and to flexibly define the bandwidth for each TES to meet the requirements of the application. The microwave circuit is compatible with multi-chroic operation. Metalized silicon platelets are used to define the backshort for the waveguide probes. This micro-machined structure is also used to mitigate the coupling of out-of-band radiation to the microwave circuit. At 40 GHz, the detectors have a measured efficiency of 90%. In this paper, we describe the development of the 90 GHz detector arrays that will be demonstrated using the Cosmology Large Angular Scale Surveyor (CLASS) ground-based telescope

Gemini multi-conjugate adaptive optics system review II: Commissioning, operation and overall performance

The Gemini Multi-conjugate Adaptive Optics System - GeMS, a facility instrument mounted on the Gemini South telescope, delivers a uniform, near diffraction limited images at near infrared wavelengths (0.95 microns- 2.5 microns) over a field of view of 120 arc seconds. GeMS is the first sodium layer based multi laser guide star adaptive optics system used in astronomy. It uses five laser guide stars distributed on a 60 arc seconds square constellation to measure for atmospheric distortions and two deformable mirrors to compensate for it. In this paper, the second devoted to describe the GeMS project, we present the commissioning, overall performance and operational scheme of GeMS. Performance of each sub-system is derived from the commissioning results. The typical image quality, expressed in full with half maximum, Strehl ratios and variations over the field delivered by the system are then described. A discussion of the main contributor to performance limitation is carried-out. Finally, overheads and future system upgrades are described.Comment: 20 pages, 11 figures, accepted for publication in MNRA

Characterization of Si-Membrane TES Bolometer Arrays for the HIRMES Instrument

The High Resolution Mid-Infrared Spectrometer (HIRMES) instrument will fly onboard NASA's airborne Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy (SOFIA) in 2019. HIRMES will provide astronomers with a unique observing window (25 122 m) for exploring the evolution of protoplanetary disks into young solar systems, and the composition of our Solar System. There are two focal plane detector arrays for the instrument: a high-resolution (/ = 100,000) 8x16 detector array with a target noise-equivalent power, NEP 3x10-18 W/Hz; and a low-resolution (/ = 2,000 19,000) 16x64 detector array with a target NEP 2x10-17 W/Hz. The detectors for both of these arrays are superconducting Mo/Au bilayer transition edge sensor (TES) bolometers on thin suspended single-crystal silicon membranes. Here we present our characterization results for the detectors in both arrays, including measurements of thermal conductance with comparison to phonon transport models, saturation power, noise, and array uniformity

Results on stellar occultations by (307261) 2002 MS4

Transneptunian Objects (TNOs) are the remnants of our planetary system and can retain information about the early stages of the Solar System formation. Stellar occultation is a groundbased method used to study these distant bodies which have been presenting exciting results mainly about their physical properties. The big TNO called 2002 MS4 was discovered by Trujillo, C. A., & Brown, M. E., in 2002 using observations made at the Palomar Observatory (EUA). It is classified as a hot classical TNO, with orbital parameters a = 42 AU, e = 0.139, and i = 17.7º. Using thermal measurements with PACS (Herschel) and MIPS (Spitzer Space Telescope) instruments, Vilenius et al. 2012 obtained a radius of 467 +/- 23.5 km and an albedo of 0.051.Predictions of stellar occultations by this body in 2019 were obtained using the Gaia DR2 catalogue and NIMA ephemeris (Desmars et al. 2015) and made available in the Lucky Star web page (https://lesia.obspm.fr/lucky-star/). Four events were observed in South America and Canada. The first stellar occultation was detected on 09 July 2019, resulting in two positives and four negatives chords, including a close one which proven to be helpful to constrain the body’s size. This detection also allowed us to obtain a precise astrometric position that was used to update its ephemeris and improve the predictions of the following events. Two of them were detected on 26 July 2019, separated by eight hours. The first event was observed from South America and resulted in three positive detections, while the second, observed from Canada, resulted in a single chord. Another double chord event was observed on 19 August 2019 also from Canada.Facultad de Ciencias Astronómicas y Geofísica

Results on stellar occultations by (307261) 2002 MS4

<p><strong>Abstract</strong></p> <p>Transneptunian Objects (TNOs) are the remnants of our planetary system and can retain information about the early stages of the Solar System formation. Stellar occultation is a ground-based method used to study these distant bodies which have been presenting exciting results mainly about their physical properties. The big TNO called 2002 MS4 was discovered by Trujillo, C. A., & Brown, M. E., in 2002 using observations made at the Palomar Observatory (EUA). It is classified as a hot classical TNO, with orbital parameters a = 42 AU, e = 0.139, and i = 17.7º. Using thermal measurements with PACS (Herschel) and MIPS (Spitzer Space Telescope) instruments, Vilenius et al. 2012 obtained a radius of 467 +/- 23.5 km and an albedo of 0.051.</p> <p>Predictions of stellar occultations by this body in 2019 were obtained using the Gaia DR2 catalogue and NIMA ephemeris (Desmars et al. 2015) and made available in the Lucky Star web page (https://lesia.obspm.fr/lucky-star/). Four events were observed in South America and Canada. The first stellar occultation was detected on 09 July 2019, resulting in two positives and four negatives chords, including a close one which proven to be helpful to constrain the body’s size. This detection also allowed us to obtain a precise astrometric position that was used to update its ephemeris and improve the predictions of the following events. Two of them were detected on 26 July 2019, separated by eight hours. The first event was observed from South America and resulted in three positive detections, while the second, observed from Canada, resulted in a single chord. Another double chord event was observed on 19 August 2019 also from Canada.</p> <p>Due to its size, it is expected that 2002 MS4 is in hydrostatic equilibrium. Thirouin, A. 2013 obtained a rotational light curve of 2002 MS4 and determined two possible periods (7.33 h and 10.44 h) with low amplitude variation (0.05 +/- 0.01 mag). Admitting that it has a Maclaurin shape, the projected limb in the sky plane for Earth-based observers should be the same in the 09 July and 26 July events. The multi-chord detection allows determining an interval of parameters for size and shape. Considering that the same figure should have been observed in the 09 July event, we could use the both chords and the negative observations to constrain its physical parameters. With that, we could determine that 2002 MS4 has an equivalent radius of 385 +/- 1 km (Figure 1). Our results indicate that this TNO is about 100 km smaller in diameter than the value obtained by Vilenius et al. 2012, implying an albedo of 0.076 (Hv = 4.0 +/- 0.6) . The astrometric positions derived from these data were also helpful to improve forthcoming stellar occultations, in special the one crossing Europe on 08 August this year. More data from stellar occultations and observations of rotational light curves will help to confirm these results and assumptions.</p> <p><img src="data:image/jpeg;base64, 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jFRyU2ATbFjZJdoZ4SI/gSZgPn3vXjZvlcjIvz3QyrviHODvc/Fs8XJIprlXh5BZ4SWvpznGuCmHi7aZ3zz/AHueJvrzWTHISv6+kxoMs5+VrOM3mgKYrsVmOQibTM/jL/8AKf23oP8AYie19L12MjCTV8kon9G2mu+J0ByORM8Dcw88eKHPnhOMmAoC+e9V1eWkuCMzY73Pw/8AfDaanID369WZkXhDr2HpdH/RwSHeXOi/bnkPlySHbTmdeayfLApPyz6JmS8Hb8hQcaNlECfFqpw2VOq37fPd0cG660pmpsv/AMp/beg/2IntfRLJpFGhg2sjP9btDIRMjdRt4ddNds+DFxlCBKvGS0iSeaKnlsTfcenX/NeieXWGILWVsbBBHBoWzjgzsbLJnEuebfLbPmNsbRy6/ISfO/oKTqme34nV+EALoFgtbpEQq9MrBGmp9P0jX19Usmkz/pT+25ttjXBNoVxx57GT53Gty11AJ7T0XKaUrUceIWD9j5YTpMLIDYRMJhsZYLojlUVBOjhG63HEnN9x8TWIC2H76l+UW2u7j0W0zy65CD5MF018tyL6t+aQ788Hbn+rHN9cSY1l3i3FI+rkMus0fwLAydtqg2143UfcUuvW8ksKdWWtXzdcGbkNaqSyYVtBNXhE/tvgxSLmkElKrcu2EClXEJ7X0Lsfcbn+7Metef8Ah6c8PTnh6c8PTjDGMT/DPDKvgoA2izEHKF+iwv0PP/0LKcXGvDg3lPnGW/RHKSJpnffO/N9ydMYN/pv9BOsJG0O60rGdvhmOPOfCi54UXPCi54UXPCi54UXPCjxxP7b0H+xE9r6KVjxAP3N1sTZdXmMrFZ8WX9/06/5r0Kv+Vb7swzmZGujBEYOJDpYtM559P04+vTksOknM7bw7by6y8VlZ+seXx4f0p/beg/2Intfjn/1R8fKs/q+fMyaa8mcKR+bWyuY5+UqtuRWTcC34+LL+/wDHxYvlmWPHNP8ANeio/wCsldp+QW+1tvlIsX7yazFRxcKtNehl/K65nkJWhEe8/iYzvjkU/wAtkZnj6/pT+2+Gd9deeLHw7bXIYntfjnlO/wBtPIWNFySyIIeflqDn5QJtz78dvz7nYt+eJbN+eWtUnPtDvfn47Lvz8VWbc1qVcxyFKoH5rFppz5ctP/G5j4sv7/wYBFl5Y01sZLnrptrunDkXleiuT+VQ0X6AK8hGnesbVbYAMi1cprrBCGBHJPPnBaFRPJKxapOeYjnh2mx8q8x+iXH9cfoT+25tjOdXFfcEhzddO5C1FTYpeCe0+OeIqkigcx1iuxciACg59OPh8vh8uZhizL67pHmSqjyeMP8ABl/f9Ov+a9GZ/LUhxP8Aa6K4aQ0enVGu5AG3MkM2/wBuHGT4NebljScl0jzw0IuvTwMBioVZngEKSPMA/oT+2sBhS9bXDmR4nwP9iJ7X0M8/brL++zfL8cS/P7P8GX9/k1hbRPvjr/mvQ728GruIvuFmn/8A7jsokvd4fJNCNzXX+mSYNebkC7c3xFyf6sYYY/HzNSvp3pJ/mBP0J/bXuQbSrdeFiGoPgf7ET2vosC3ZspQtMOFf7rxN4NTFi8EX4Mv7/CCx4+xztHO0hgNj2HNS2vzCyMyM70XDHgj7nxi2qp5lVUSTb7ONjWJdj/Vnnj45tNNyTeLPJOMI45o10+4M3WrP/l/oT+2bLfuYyCCAaL4H+xE9r6ZNvxqx+v6sY5IYJFzd4o0z9+Xc+86559yO255l3ty5ZuJ5anRnGD8GX9/k1aiHa4+Ov+a9HY0XhT2w3b7NrkeBsLPKJDrjAe2cYjzjM+/FZxZ3N/HzwjHC8/0tGNoNaI2xC2x/XHrT+2fCGnqKYmfJpn9laBAFXK0RyJ7C+Z5E9p6biYvHU1W4HT8wc1254j/bnhP9ueRbbc+0z7c+xDZ5+PqfnonVx81gi058vj/64mz97tHxZf3+W5Jbjm0f1fR8Nf8ANejsob6gDiPM6D7+f0iLklkH1zpwKGQjaGonT8qlRCkxPSR9sMKm0F1Pj3iy1x/pqhOwBK6bzAHrT+29B/shPa+n5cfotW8KF/k/f9dqbEQRp1Y6Zb8WX9/4HENoZDmdkxAS2vOJV25e7D0W0HLGvGF+EUukzJAPJ42yGv7ONIB4Ro+VD4u60A5huNfNRT758s8pZPmqt60/tvQf7ET2vreV8ZzoDYyQCcZxn9L6wDJIa6jIFk9DL+/8flz5c0/zXo2xjOOyFuyFwqIzvyqqvvheuuumvGsdh32psHYX16fX9HwslfEsSy2riEpfWE+u1KY3OqKs57MSz5SsCmYXoT+29B/sRPa/oNADYj/arBXeAW9UXNjOM+mWaKDSa0ktdktchWzfVjHNyYI+bMA9ebHwY5k3hs0m5Xp1/wA16e/q9tMGhMxPHSV3kUPw+fKjnkxQ42pfZNHE3x2FIbz7h2kx53VULSOu6w64rTysLKdVkuMa419Sf23wZOwVQpdyThS6WdO2iE9p6855mTXHPODcN1TNYda/GNzQi+QZ0ZWfw8s7jvnWO3k65pQxU8a/XTTyEGefbw+YFHxz6MY58ufLjHH+/wDA5jIFJPaW24ht3cgkrCpDDvTbkmtgr9agk0KLdokY8vadO+e1zsxnNtO02HK3TWbPkHV9Jj3CUrVuny5/653lrFLQejThCqR60/tuba42wbT0xUUtIWz7RVVSniikxED5vPMzk8zudzOGGebQm7cyNNtzIWNueQHzzUEXXmsUWvPljny9Hy/Sy/v/ABxFHrnwo+af5r4OrElr0P8AJigjO9i7EO2yn7TZYvXXn4xeF/XFGXbRQQQaf05/Ti2AZFj78Dtzz7KXnhvpefaZZOd1JlIVB6hE1EonrT+29B/sRcf8X/sMv7/p1/zXwlFgnzjXGPj2fVsWqp1S5Q2CveZdTc8m4l59jg35CpXDc+Xy9H/kITjWlU8HK6setP7b0H+xE9r/ANhl/f8AgwcAK+H3acInXsrE+6lhGzM9WeRF/wAedh/o7GH2tnZGuMa49af23x+fD8/8IT2v/YZf3/j+M1/OJK6il5DppE39d2qQVzQda3A+ff0fPHC26sHhl1RiDddrpD5/0J/bc2xtnWwLbMUAfXLvOenSWMHcT2n/AGGX9/06/wCa/Rd6IPadUl/1gz+Say883ZyOfbbCRz8XCk4RBV6yMS8M7ks8emsen6E/tvQf7ET2v7/njkhQ8OJXimHm9gWac3dx683aG82LdZz9T/bPgvdszjGwk4+BB4QmxFxDF12virXcIsc1n+mxVhNaQWJXavW/F3/kKiJ5J3ckxh734RpgWC89ptKbUFdMTfpT+29BUe0w0OXMUXiueeK55iwS7z6P8y88VzzxXPDHBgWMP9uDmsi4fFc8PZNAY93z/EkJNjLm+32TbGVLL6fmtk10lVa800Zac8RxyVobGRE+kk4KxOOi8RzwpicDFu3wQZCyXkTcmDEJzmlJsxlU9KbL5QgEvdmXHLA4Jm0iPOI13NYRYjf7766MDZdpDWEWmHU/16sTN5PMs+fepsyPqTVrVmf/AMe1G26fqKuqiFu46wfzLTkz6SHH3mX5eZZ8IdTj6/diOamMd9ZmxcHI3E8nIjzp9FcE8A3rPRee3H6/LgFF68nhJ4eDg+Jn19uaz26y33wiWbqV/HKCKcOSgawNK3Ss147SSOXBSrzJUvXBExuOtJsa4/pgwXBo7KoTnkQ9YbRD1pJIjF4wrck4m1HYb71+j7I2HoLH3KgcUstiRjrc7fes14hKve0xi0jZUiQvSt1chKfY6cc7TkUU+Ums0olCyaV8w+MOhnwjq6aVCWWtnNlG61MF0H65Pi3PXTGSb0ucrJtDMnIynl+3MqWSwYbddst9lyScRCyq7Ig/8AM2hq6SZIF/0Wic/Wy2equHRpNHcFb1lcav0/7diEKYI8qmGajrV7PgwatWYab9k9xEib4fqMaefB5mx1/WI07QIFO7AeKX9xHrpam3qGpkLNcQVI3VQl4arNi9rIozotvFcbjzMV4/BixTYDrnXQcyu0sI27ZVGQNcq8UVg0PYXD5HkWFuqIJJbqQ55HSeKTd8jjHy0W6mGW2tggR2NBLCytCdWaS2FEMDYAMNF1xSNBlz9WxWYZrsm776RaCOFJ/MPEuZoW6ogolqsDn1bqty8WhPI8Jbqg593qSPMrtNBBs3U6F5zjGNHyOUWV2mhh2eJNJcvEuA5XaaDce41gmfVgBsJK3XRak9j1cWAJiAxj+8KfHxYEOeaPEsujWyqlSfL5HqHu4Ux7RWBFPiehRFvbBWWa7GKbZNWs3V7SBStWGJKpT0bpPWbMkKczlUMmY2oddta+8cVRw+tf8AHbXYtPRbGPqnoDGIfHWNjJr6GolhVaGmtCRNuvXQm4/WBMSaagOTJdkVmkoKXrNmMwSdctVdmtVYcP7ey60MLXS9bv8AQL+OHX5Njq4zCN311YnJOvX7qJveaYws8ySvbKHwXXb2Oafr60RLA+vG4FncLGtvpF1UvSgrH1w6YMVdEJXl9iUWxWwrFAKwRVKM6Sur4nOy9Y9asCFk/VTzGsfWxMMEOTnKn+N7VIqe1U6sLtOtDClbnrZxOz06tJ1Vm0ZnNgWtsi6Kj6tsIh83XTv7Wlruyh9p1U80zihx/cf4vdlL7rW5n9VKollI5UeuTE2B6F2MFGxuDFe9XWogqqmdnvAuNb28Y8LgyWNqfZhERvZp4ObFaWU3WRlvc5cx9vT65tFzfVdzbLVPVEjm9PTRM3VmKft2Yx0jA7JIYWSx3NgkbxdpttxI749nYre1mjTWbtOaISTs11kXS4XCHLS1HS9bm224J2mvZs09ksz6wLblp25IWc67EseFL5u7S12Tsc6eBHdyiHgF1sTqwidlsdEgV7aENbx2ETUDMXl+8cS9vyybHdltQ4GHarEVQDeii7HaX9oFfZ7Kao1Vcts7VTN2e7ECZ9luFTZbeZWD+y3o5MdD2Ayyes7WbtQUlohY1yDtZtvHr2Uz1fvG9jHuajstwmqlPtJtizF2ofAvI7AsYfNuxCfMQ2yxzPf5Qnh3qNgIsS3m6VPuWf8Aj6NQfWa4wijU0hscIMGFF9lS4gaIq3LpIkTEqpIKHXRhaVTxOa1arhirc1W0oY6tWfLuaShczSU+pTQ61yvYZ7gLdiGHX1YMBBrqBbzWpVjE7xbQq2mVkUVrsTU60TP4VbVRjqqhEVvW69seYsqFrYE1iuEF4qNV05KjTzLJqXUSIC6zXTtNKpV49JafU5c4TJsZMUqGBIVfQrdIEFJaRM1lWGV612ht5YqvXIWDrFOmfzoUE/FyhYnGTdaJVx59cQNDFNbHXviFVRsTDZejhIIrtJUjgp065eLS6kvxJDUTLa2IqBc2K+g1gVI1KOJNV6fUtoqpT4efh9U41V9ebaS1yvT6LVYCgbjGsP8A85godlyB+O2fZkuoVhGQR0RuXI3orzQR+raMB6hSWKAu2UYxgysFBe/OjqjkVdir9nNrdEq8qEQPri4aqG/Xm5DDShtjJL2pKnrTGhM/LQUZtAwo9TtVaOtoBTepuaTI5Pnol1IYXuvltnGtLuQypVSLIFCFUH411sqIsu0TUI/QaSj2iGGu11yru9lojZuRPWWa2VPQHG06vruxxqj6TdDg8UBzjktALhVWGts3vXRFELmIrtMswFxuEDmd7NQ2Jlpt6ywbN/4/dbiT1B9IKs6+cycMpDADKyjW8da062M8h9smnvt6r7Bqzo1MKQuCuv55Sm9CsvDK07365kpDnYz8bspOgdJfQRJ6aJDaE9dcLr98M2zOzUbudMUGd2A6waX2lAFFVrIJalJLizNnwHbPmltrsLhMek7CL02p/ZCu3mz9lapSW/ZtjJ3bWSdFWSOxBRtZuyy07IS7aN6lp2BZopyu3K/AztNzhrBkl/h1YouxdvxnN5dbS7dlDR7fyfrEBvZZyKYq7DZL0iCzyWAya+WvaIvthcHE4uWc08q6WUWQS8Hn9U6XgbMKzsnUNRZbgLVlA3ayWYabthSM2k7NnkX1piwbItrZts237TiHCN7L0WwT9iMgzn/ZmtZgzepIWBvcSUSBn2KSVmy2Jyqs+nZ6qUWy2FypdoexZYRaf2EutxcV6LEn37Olh0/N3WbFU7pBap9rzOMxx2qJotk7E8vNJ2kJHLJ2yhjeIrm0e2jmqOumPYKDXRxXNfqmeSU6vkLhE4KjSdbR7ZIIhpbsE5YmtIw1eq80iSrKq9sXSa+ZnenIZospR8qhaLUMi6deVnXRSCm+2h0pEHFpSEMRb+srbLD+D1zDIrraqGBnV2oxy/gNZ81vUk+3F6SvrwGlPp8s65esU74piPUySq1I8fdUleINagnFWNAFDilE0esebadfhHzO1ah3D+I1SwqJqknmba06v6wKqzGnKlqymRt+EUpcOVVE7DO3X1YzFYKRXLBldXq3PvvQa5nVjT6hows6urMGUtEDksTZCA63zUq5ANToqhpiWk16bk9WrhvJKWi3lXQ0tRY46sliYPeu1DGua0CueAfR6pGoAH6+Lc1FVQsGgngsxnKqwaW2ubPp7zda0US5eJbmvjpejQStFp3lsQUb7vHEilsotVaff6wLsvtg3XC4W6hLXCrsHUbCa4eJR9RqhD2DC+w1Dr1gBZCLLxICCD2ZPypK2yl1kS3/AH2jqbAqNcVQuQ90ruonJw7RnqyyKrEvIULi7MzRImkFmtcL+O4nL7XKLqp7Agm3m2OXoqfc69uZX7C0VShXPNrtKbM15Ard3S1rrgd5BwVLeBAwg7tEtglsDVSKktGIchXH8ooQV3hfyjMdrWFXLmkrg6ixHMJ0z3ey3CulnWpgjsYIciC4kSpgG0FbHpFhWpAENpZECq7IFN1mPYhdl4llTqspLDCFoJdxt8aXIEhELZJpUFdsOkwVdvSRfiHsnr6Q6/Jl7Me81cDA/YyM0r+Ra/5w/tQCJMR2GlDLlvAjh0wuo9YfT2ars5XNwJWWNN2gqIRI7KA91z2jXNBG/YyJFrpfk27WLs2ub8QWpfYZRexdIR9uxEkUKJ8FYA7BfEVYZQdhzRHw9hpNpBu1aoUvnvVeYQVSxKx+vpruMPpt2fW+H9hhQjAXocwn+UURsMF+UEsYOzlMYM9/TQsm9rnWWiv9oLTESG0AWDdl2iqwszadWZq3senhqJr6sHFJuSQatF3xcHGtvghbf+QY5rBB2WojWx9gJZWdZtYNqg/ftRvutkP65QsVRPWSgsKLq6ujsi+vU5gpHWaYpsDQAF7R7RA3zBbV4pexGlYgZtS+t6+eBXKoBWxf4tT7CWbrtZZyvwpXnCaiYZNqvTl9U5N1ulnGedeIrBKmq8yGV/12ssDCbrpCTwzrFWzW56qqu2g3Wy0LQelqYajPStyeadcIYVpfXalg2X04UOQXqpOPprS1mvIuuk0Kw+qky3JnXYmLWXrevkraxUQKtpB1LWxdNqOswXUevcCoc9RVvIm1cH/Hoer1QYueuU0egPX4S2Tbq9P5TFJV66q6IKpM/f8A/8QAVBEAAgECBAIFBQoJCAYLAAAAAQIDBBEABRIhEzEGFCIyQRUzUWFxI0BCUFJygZGhsRYkNFNic4KDkhBUcJOio7KzQ1VgldHTBxcwRGR0kJTS1eH/2gAIAQMBAT8B/oXnNUAvVlgY76+O8iC3hp0I/wBN8as2/NZf/X1H/IxGXKLxQgkt2ghJW/6JYA29o9910uZRiPyfSU1UTfidZrHpNI206dFNU6r73BC29eOtdJf9T5X/AL5m/wDq8QNO0MbVMaRTFfdI45DNGreISQpGXH6RRfZ8QV1cKIRlqasqeIWFqSnaoK6d+2F7oPh6ceX1/wBV51/u2bEE3Hhjm0SR8RdXDmQxyr6nQ7qfV77mqI6fSXEp1E24cUs31iNGI9V8eUaf5NV/7Kq/5OI2DorrqswuNSsrfSrAMD6iL/ECRSyauHG8mhdTaEZtK/KawNh6zjqtV/Np9l4h9xk2T5fd7v6XLBBBsQQRzB2PvuSaKK3Ekjjvy1uq39mojHXKX+cQf10f/HCurgMjBlPIqQQfYRsfo+IAxXkSL7GxIuPQbcxjiP8ALblbvHl6OfL1e/JaeCe3Ghil093iIr2vztqG2PJ9F/NKX+oj/wCGERI1CRqqIO6qgKo9gGw+IIKhqfiaY4H4iGM8aCObSD4x8QHQ/wCktjg5jKdXuFD2oRD+Q02yi/aHue0u+8o7Z23wzF2ZiFGo3soCqPYo2H9HBZRzZR7SBh62jj79VTp86aMfe2DmuXDbrcLH0Idf+ANjyrS/AFTL+qo6p/tEVvtxlNJHmtPWVDVkGWrSQzShMz1U8lU0SB1gpkCtI80xOiIMqqWvd1GB8XfZ7cNLEvfkjX5zqv3nD5jQJ3qymH76M/c2Dm1B8Gfifqo5Zf8ALRseU4j5unrpfm0U6j65FQfbjr057mW1p+f1eL/FPcfVjrGYN3cuVfXLVx/aI0kxqzZv9FQRe2aeU/UIo/vwI81Peq6NP1dJIfteo5/s2x1Stbv5nL+7pqZPvRz9uPJxPfr8wf8AfJH/AJUSffjyVS/DNVJ+srKpvs4oH2YGVZcP+5wsfS68Q/2y2Fo6RO5S06/NhjH3LgKq91QPYLfGObyeXahKrMooZJY4o4V4cS06aI1VFvHDojLWUXbTcm5PM4XLcvTu0dN9MSH7wcLBCnchiX5saL9w/pELKObAe0gYlzCgh89W0sVvzlREn+Jxh+kuQJsc3oCRzEdTHKfqjZj9mPwoydvMy1FR6BT0FfN9WimIP0H6cfhEjeYyrPZ/m5ZLEPrquAMeWMyfzXRvMiPTPUZdTj6fxt2H8OOu9I37mSUUXrnze9v2YKOT7Gx0bkoxUUsnSumkekDnrtPktSVqWj30rTVFVCI1c9nU0kLrzspxnEmUy5jUvkdPW0mVFl6pT5jURVVZGmhdXHnhihjdi+puxGoAIFtvi/IMgm6Q1UtLDmGUZcYYGnebOcxgy2nKqQumOSY+6y3O0cYZyN7YzaaXLiBBRVOaniSRk0JpggMZtq1VNRBeNvgsF3GBmWeP5ro6y35dZzKkh+sQ9Zt6+eON0nfu0GTwX/O19TMR7RFRrf8AixwelLc63JqceiOhq6g/QZKuEf2ceTc9fzvSIp6RS5ZSR/UZmqceQ6lvPdIM6k+ZJSUw/uKRD9uPwaom89V5xUfrc3r/ALopo1+zA6LZD8KgSb/zMs9T/nyyYjyHJYfNZVl6fNpIP/hhKani83BDH8yNF+4D42t/tSFLGygk+gC5+zGT9COmGfm2TdG84rxYEyQUM/BUNfSzTsqxKpsSCzgEA77YH/RJ0gpdDZ/mvRXowjXJGc9I8uE6W56qOikrKoH9EwhicZ3l1LlWYSUVHm9DnkMaRnyhly1K0jyMt5Ej61FDM3CbslzGFa1129/2J5An2YWCdyNMMraiQumNzqIvqAsNyLb+jAoaxtFqeW0hYISukMU71i1h2fHAoZyEJ4KCQOV4lRAvc56ryXX1BgL+F8LSX0FqqkTWrNvKWKabdlwitpdr9keOJIo0RGWojlZluyIsoKH5LF0VSfHskjb3mWVd2IUekmw+3D1lMmq8oJRdTKt2bT6bKDthqs9rhU80hUKR2dIe/gGba45m9rYDVLa7Rxx7ro1sW1A97UF5eqx3xkOZRZTWS1NZltFnUb080UdLWq6wxSSJpSf3NtTSQt24wTp1ABgRifp5nBCrQU+VZSi0rUf4hltKjyQuX1cWR0kZ5Cr6TLYOABYi2KnpN0iq4+FUZ5mkkIVEEPXZ1hCICEXhI6x6VBIVdNhfbBuTcksfS25+vn71COe6jNtfYE7Dx2H24FJVEMRTzWVOIfcn2j37Z22U22PLHUasa9cWjQgkbWyJZDyNmYE39AucGjkXia5aVeGqsR1mIk6vBAjNqI+Eo3XxwaWNdeqtpexptoMsmvVz0Wi09nmblfVfDQ0S6x11n0lNBjpntID3z7o6FdO9gR2vVfBXLhqtNVyWZdHuMUepNtZa8r6W56e8OV8cTLgW0wVT9tSmudF9zFtSuEiPaO9mBsNtsGopb9ihQDi6wJJpm7AHmjpaPUDzLWDb7Y62o7tJSLaXiD3Nn2/N+6O94x6Dc+k469MLFVgTTIZV0U8Asxvt3O5vshuo8Bjr1Zt+MOulzIuiyaXa92GkCxNzyw1TUNYNPM1iWAMr2DNzYb7E3Nz43xcnmSefMnx94lgOZAvyubYNZACAGLlr24alhtz7VreHp54FTK+nh0slmDdqQiPTblcHfteFsDrz6SeDB2W1KLyMH+CVYjSR6RbHVZWtxauVrx6GCARKSfh7bhvAWO2FoqcbsnEOjQTIxe6+u5sfWSLnCxovdVV2sLADb+WOOSVtMas52FlUnc8ht6TtjOejme9HjSjO8qrcrauh6xSLWQtC08F9PFQPuVv42/7aNDLIsYKKXNgZHVE/adrKv0nHU+WqqpFvIY/O69Nr+6ERq/uZ8GF7+GOrU406q2Ld2VuHFM5VV1WfdEBDbWs2re5tgJRDTqqJ27TawlOuyjuFS8wuX2JBA0g+OB1ABdS1bnt8SzRRg/I0dmQj9O49mBLRqE/FHcgNr1VDDWT3SNEa6dPoudXpGBUxLotRU91QoS5nfWT/AKRhxQAy+FtvSDgVjrp0w0o0xmO/V0Nwbdtteq8m2z8xjr1ULaXVbRGHsxRKeGeYOlBc7d49r1467VkflM9uHwrcRgDH8gi/d9XLDSSN3pHba27E7Dw58vQPfGQ9GM/6T1EtL0fymszWeBFknSki1iCNm0CSdzpSJC22p2Avj/qlz6kUvn+b9E+jSrbUma9I8vaqAP8A4LL3raokeK8O/qxWZB0NyuqEM/TPyygp5HeXIMqqjGKgKeFAsmZCj1qzW1zKllU3AbCZj0No9BhyHMczfqrJIcxzHgR9bJ7M8aUkd+EotaJydRvqa1sN01dIpIcuyHIctEtB1CV46PrErIbB5hLUMzx1Lgbyx6dr6QLnAhjHJF7xYE7m53PP04tb+WpzLL6TeqrqWnt+dqIoz9TMDj8JssYkUhq8wbw6hRVVQh/fCMU/96PbjypnE/5J0fqFHg+Y1dNSL9KRGqm/sDHC6Tz9+ryvLlPwaemnrpB+9nkp4/7gjHkGeb8tzvN6m/NIpoqGI/s0cUUn96fbjLcupMpLNRRmOSQqXmkklqJmKciZqh5ZNvDtDFXXVtfIJa6rqayQDSJKmaSdgvyQ0jMQvqG3xhFVVNOJFp6meBZl0zLDK8XFUG4WTQRrUHwba+CSTcm5PMk3P2/yxxtLJHEli8jrGtyFGp2CrdjsBc8yQBzJtjNq6bKq+oyw5XmdXV0zmOXq1N+LB12IWrnaGncA3GpHZfQSMdc6R1HmMnpaNPl5hmGt/bwaOKUH2dYX246h0gn/ACjO4KVTzTLsuQN9EtbJU/Xwx7Mfg3TSfltdm2YekVGYTRxH9xSGnht6ihxT5HlFIbwZbRxt8vgIZPpkYFz7S2LAWtsB4AfHR358/wDYaWrpofO1EMXz5FU/UTfAzOlY2hE9RvYcCnmdefMvpEdv2uWKqBKeURx1EdUvDifiRX0hpI1doze3aiYlHtcalNifjiYGCkaulVlpFmFOZrFl4zLqWOy3bURuNseUQ/mKOtn9fAMK/wAdQYhb2Y4uZydykpoAfGeoMjfwQIR9HEx1bMJPO5gsfqpaZF/tztOfp0jHkuFvPy1dT+uqZdP8EZjT+ziKho4fNU0CH0iNNR9rW1H6/iHnywsE0hUJFK5YkKERmJIG4GkbkeP/AOYjy3MJeHw6KpYSs6xHgvaRox21ViLErY6h4eOEyqucxjhonF4gjMtRTxD3LzmoySroty7Vrnu3wuXOeHrqaCISB2Berj7Oi20gj1lGa/YBF2sbYWjp+xxMypE1Rs5stTIUItaNgsHfa+1iVFjdhgQZcNOuvl3hLkRUbMUm2tCeJNHcHe8g2Fu6b4AypebZhJeD4KU8QWp8Bu0t4R4myucGXLFvpo6p704W8lWo01HjKBHTi8foiJvbm+KianksIKMU9kQE8aSUsy31P2zYa/k2sLbe8NTaSmptBIYrc6Sw5EryJHgbXHxCuj4ZfmO5blffn425evni+VAP2K924qGO8kCLwduIHtG54h7Wgr2RtcHfBqMuGrRl0hvMroZa1jpiW2qJuHFFqL2PbGkrfblfHXYB3Msox7txBqNTJZANoDqqLNF6bjWb97HlKQW0U1DHaYzjTRQNZj8C8gcmIeEbFl9uBmteunRMI9Erzpw4oY9Mj6tRGiMWHaNlvpHgBtjyjmBCjrtSAjvKoEzqFke+t10kaWa5uQASD6MGWVu9JI25O7sdze53PM33PM/+o5//xABREQACAQIEAgUECwwHBwUAAAABAgMEEQASEyEFMRQiMkFRI2FxgRUzQEJQcpGSobGyECRDUmJwc5OUosHTFiAlMDRTVURUY2SCkPCjs8LD0f/aAAgBAgEBPwH8y8xqBl0BCT77VZ1282RWxm4j+JR/rZv5WEz5RqBQ9utkuVv5iQD8oHuuMRG+s7pblkTUv6bslvpxlo/94n/Zh/Ow2XMQhLL3EjKbecb2+U/AEcRlLdeNLW9sYLe/hfHRP+NT/rlwy5WK7G3eDcH19/uuWZIbZw5vyyRPJy8citb146bD+JP+zVH8rCMHUML2O4BUqbecNYj0EfAFRV0tKYuk1EMGs+nFrSJHqSHkiZ2GZj+KLnA4vws2txCjOaY06/fMO845xDr7yC4una82EdJFV42DowurKQVI8QRsfddPRVlXm6LS1FTktn0IZJsl+WbTVst7bX549huL/wCl8R/Yqn+XiWKWGRopo3ilTZ45EZHU8+sjAMPHcfAEkUUuXVjR8pzJnUNlYe+W4NiPEb46JS7fe8Oz6g8km0ne46vaPe3PCqFFlAAGwA2A910nEa+gz9Craqk1banRp5YM+Xs59NlzWubX5Xx/SHj3+tcU/b6n+ZieeapleeolknmkN5JZnaSRzyBZ2JZiAANz8ARztDnypE+ohQ6sSS5b++TODlb8pbHHTpd/I0m8Wl/hIOW/WHU2k39s7XnwWzMWsBfeygKPUB+bS/3b4zKOZA9Jw1VTJ2qiFfTKg/jg8RoRt0mI/FOb7N8eyFOeyJ3/AEdPUNf5I7Y9kTrxwLQcQIkt5bQCRRi+7OXdSAOfZJ82P/PP8HXwZI13aRFHnYD6yMNXUi9qpgHplT+Bx7I0fdNm8yJJJ8mRGx09N8kNXJ6KWVfkMioPpx0yU9ihqj8YwR/alv8ARjXrTyogv6SoQW9ORX+i+L8Qb8HRp6ZJpPo04/rxp8QPOopl+JTSG3ref/446NVntV8noSCBftK5+nHQj76srG9Eqp/7aLj2Ppz2jUP8eqqD9AkA+jA4dRD/AGaI/GXP9q+FpaZOzBCvojQfUMBQOQA9Axb4QThNChc6buZHMjak0sgzHnlDNZV/JAtgUNGvKlg9can6wcCGJexHGvoRR/D+pbFvzd3/AKqxSt2Y5D6EY/wwKKrPKnl9cbD6TbHQqj3yonx5Yl+t8CkPvqimX0zA/YzY6PCO1W

Results on stellar occultations by (307261) 2002 MS4

Transneptunian Objects (TNOs) are the remnants of our planetary system and can retain information about the early stages of the Solar System formation. Stellar occultation is a ground-based method used to study these distant bodies which have been presenting exciting results mainly about their physical properties. The big TNO called 2002 MS4 was discovered by Trujillo, C. A., & Brown, M. E., in 2002 using observations made at the Palomar Observatory (EUA). It is classified as a hot classical TNO, with orbital parameters a = 42 AU, e = 0.139, and i = 17.7°. Using thermal measurements with PACS (Herschel) and MIPS (Spitzer Space Telescope) instruments, Vilenius et al. 2012 obtained a radius of 467 +/- 23.5 km and an albedo of 0.051.Predictions of stellar occultations by this body in 2019 were obtained using the Gaia DR2 catalogue and NIMA ephemeris (Desmars et al. 2015) and made available in the Lucky Star web page (https://lesia.obspm.fr/lucky-star/). Four events were observed in South America and Canada. The first stellar occultation was detected on 09 July 2019, resulting in two positives and four negatives chords, including a close one which proven to be helpful to constrain the body"s size. This detection also allowed us to obtain a precise astrometric position that was used to update its ephemeris and improve the predictions of the following events. Two of them were detected on 26 July 2019, separated by eight hours. The first event was observed from South America and resulted in three positive detections, while the second, observed from Canada, resulted in a single chord. Another double chord event was observed on 19 August 2019 also from Canada.Due to its size, it is expected that 2002 MS4 is in hydrostatic equilibrium. Thirouin, A. 2013 obtained a rotational light curve of 2002 MS4 and determined two possible periods (7.33 h and 10.44 h) with low amplitude variation (0.05 +/- 0.01 mag). Admitting that it has a Maclaurin shape, the projected limb in the sky plane for Earth-based observers should be the same in the 09 July and 26 July events. The multi-chord detection allows determining an interval of parameters for size and shape. Considering that the same figure should have been observed in the 09 July event, we could use the both chords and the negative observations to constrain its physical parameters. With that, we could determine that 2002 MS4 has an equivalent radius of 385 +/- 1 km (Figure 1). Our results indicate that this TNO is about 100 km smaller in diameter than the value obtained by Vilenius et al. 2012, implying an albedo of 0.076 (Hv = 4.0 +/- 0.6) . The astrometric positions derived from these data were also helpful to improve forthcoming stellar occultations, in special the one crossing Europe on 08 August this year. More data from stellar occultations and observations of rotational light curves will help to confirm these results and assumptions.Acknowledgements: F.L.R is thankful for the support of the CAPES scholarship. The following authors acknowledge the respective CNPq grants: F.B-R 309578/2017-5; R.V-M 304544/2017-5, 401903/2016-8; J.I.B.C. 308150/2016-3; M.A 427700/2018-3, 310683/2017-3, 473002/2013-2. This study was financed in part by the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - Brasil (CAPES) - Finance Code 001 and the National Institute of Science and Technology of the e-Universe project (INCT do e-Universo, CNPq grant 465376/2014-2). G.B-R acknowledges CAPES-FAPERJ/PAPDRJ grant E26/203.173/2016, M.A FAPERJ grant E-26/111.488/2013 and A.R.G-Jr FAPESP grant 2018/11239-8. B.E.M thanks the CAPES/Cofecub-394/2016-05 grant. P.S-S. acknowledges financial support by the Spanish grant AYA-RTI2018-098657-J-I00 "LEO-SBNAF" (MCIU/AEI/FEDER, UE). We would like to acknowledge financial support from the State Agency for Research of the Spanish MCIU through the "Center of Excellence Severo Ochoa" award for the Instituto de Astrofı́sica de Andalucı́a (SEV-2017-0709) and the financial support by the Spanish grant AYA-2017-84637-R. Part of the results were based on observations taken at the 1.6 m telescope on Pico dos Dias Observatory of the National Laboratory of Astrophysics (LNA/Brazil). Part of this work was carried out within the "Lucky Star" umbrella that agglomerates the efforts of the Paris, Granada and Rio teams. It is funded by the European Research Council under the European Community"s H2020 (2014-2020/ERC Grant Agreement No. 669416). This work has made use of data from the European Space Agency (ESA) mission Gaia (https://www.cosmos.esa.int/gaia), processed by the Gaia Data Processing and Analysis Consortium (DPAC, https://www.cosmos.esa.int/web/gaia/dpac/consortium). Funding for the DPAC has been provided by national institutions, in particular the institutions participating in the Gaia Multilateral Agreement. ReferencesAssafin, M. et al. PRAIA - Platform for Reduction of Astronomical Images Automatically. In: Tanga, P.; Thuillot, W. (Ed.). Gaia follow-up network for the solar system objects : Gaia FUN-SSO workshop proceedings, held at IMCCE -Paris Observatory, France, November 29 - December 1, 2010 / edited by Paolo Tanga, William Thuillot.- ISBN 2-910015-63-7, p. 85-88. [S.l.: s.n.], 2011. p. 85-88.Desmars, J. et al. Orbit determination of trans-Neptunian objects and Centaurs for the prediction of stellar occultations. Astronomy & Astrophysics, v. 584, p. A96, dez. 2015.Thirouin, A. Study of Trans-Neptunian Objects using photometric techniques and numerical simulations. Dissertation. Editorial de la Universidad de Granada. Spain, 2013.Trujillo, C. A., Brown, M. E., Minor Planet Electronic Circulars - MPEC 2002-W27. Disponível em: \url{https://minorplanetcenter.net//iau/mpec/K02/K02W27.html}.Vilenius, E. "TNOs are cool": a survey of the trans-Neptunian region. VI. Herschel/PACS observations and thermal modelling of 19 classical Kuiper belt objects. Astronomy & Astrophysics. v. 541, A94, 2012

Superfluid-tight cryogenic receiver with continuous sub-Kelvin cooling for EXCLAIM

The EXperiment for Cryogenic Large-Aperture Intensity Mapping (EXCLAIM) is a balloon-borne telescope designed to survey star formation over cosmological time scales using intensity mapping in the 420 – 540 GHz frequency range. EXCLAIM uses a fully cryogenic telescope coupled to six on-chip spectrometers featuring kinetic inductance detectors (KIDs) to achieve high sensitivity, allowing for fast integration in dark atmospheric windows. The telescope receiver is cooled to ≈ 1.7 K by immersion in a superfluid helium bath and enclosed in a superfluid-tight shell with a meta-material anti-reflection coated silicon window. In addition to the optics and the spectrometer package, the receiver contains the magnetic shielding, the cryogenic segment of the spectrometer readout, and the sub-Kelvin cooling system. A three-stage continuous adiabatic demagnetization refrigerator (CADR) keeps the detectors at 100 mK while a 4He sorption cooler provides a 900 mK thermal intercept for mechanical suspensions and coaxial cables. We present the design of the EXCLAIM receiver and report on the flight-like testing of major receiver components, including the superfluid-tight receiver window and the sub-Kelvin coolers