DIFFERENT EXPERIMENTAL MODELS USED TO INDUCE DIABETES MELLITUS IN RODENTS: A REVIEW

Diabetes is a metabolic disease characterized by the presence of hyperglycemia resulting from either defects in insulin secretion or action or both. Various processes are involved in the development of diabetes. These range from autoimmune destruction of the insulin-producing cells, β-cells of the pancreas, a dysfunction of the pancreatic β-cell, and impaired insulin action through insulin resistance. Experimental diabetes in animals are widely induced by administration of alloxan and streptozotocin at a proper dose. The mechanism of their action in pancreatic β-cells has been extensively investigated. Reactive oxygen species are responsible for the cytotoxic action of both these diabetogenic agents. However, the source of their generation is different in the case of alloxan (ALX) and streptozotocin (STZ). In one of the study, it is also showed that the administration of a high-fat diet (HFD) to rats for 16 w showed a progressive increase in body weight, energy intake, abdominal fat deposition, and abdominal circumference along with impaired glucose tolerance, dyslipidemia and hyperinsulinemia. Administration of alloxan or streptozotocin in addition with HFD is also able to induce diabetes in an experimental rat model

Short Term Load Forecasting Using ARIMA Technique

This paper discusses a new algorithm of a univariate method, which is vitally important to develop a short-term load forecasting module for planning and operation of distribution system. It has many applications including purchasing of energy, generation and infrastructure development etc. We have discussed different time series forecasting approaches in this paper. But ARIMA has proved itself as the most appropriate method in forecasting of the load profile for West Bengal using the historical data of the year of 2017. Auto Regressive Integrated Moving Average model gives more accuracy level of load forecast than any other techniques. Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) has been calculated for the mentioned forecasted model

PROSPECTIVE STUDY OF IMMUNOLOGICAL RECOVERY IN HIV PATIENTS BY CD4 COUNT AFTER SIX MONTH ON HAART

Introduction: In chronic HIV infection disease progression and response to Highly Active Anti Retroviral Therapy is monitored by CD4 + T lymphocyte count measurement and plasma viral load quantification. In resource limited countries CD4 + T lymphocyte count measurement is commonly used. Methodology: Newly diagnosed HIV seropositive subjects (n= 68) in clinical stage 1&2 with CD4 count less than 500 cells/ µl was started on therapy and CD4 count response was evaluated after 06 months with adherence more than 95%. Results: There was overall increase in mean CD4 cell count of 129 cells/ µl after 06 month follow up on therapy from the baseline in the study cohort but actually in 15 patients there was statistically significant fall in mean CD4 cell count of 92 cells/ µl. Therapy dependent increase in CD4 cell count at 06 month follow up is significantly seen in subject with pre treatment baseline CD4 count less than 350 cells/ µl and there is no correlation between age and immunological recovery with therapy. Conclusion: Therapy has favourable outcome in immune recovery and CD4 count monitoring is a powerful tool to determine the response in most of the individuals but paradoxical response cases will need powerful indices like viral load quantification. Therapy response has favourable outcome in pre treatment CD4 count of less than 350 cells/ µl

Synthesis and structural studies of peptides containing a mannose-derived furanoid sugar amino acid

A mannose-derived furanoid sugar amino acid (Maa) induced helical turns in peptides having repeat units of Maa(Bn2)-Phe-Leu, which aggregated into head-to-tail duplexes in the longer oligomers

Antibiotic sensitivity pattern of bacterial isolates from urine samples of admitted patients with urinary tract infection in a tertiary care teaching hospital of Tripura, India: a hospital record based study

Background: Urinary tract infection (UTI) being one of the most common and a serious health problem both in the community and hospital settings each year worldwide, the emergence of antibiotic resistance in the management of UTI is a serious public health issue. The present study will analyse the antimicrobial sensitivity pattern of pathogens isolated from the urine samples of admitted patients suffering from UTI in Tripura Medical College and Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Memorial Teaching Hospital (TMC).Methods: This was a hospital record-based study. The urine samples of clinically diagnosed UTI patients admitted in various departments of the hospital during the study period were included. The reports of culture and sensitivity testing of the samples were collected. The results were interpreted according to the guidelines of the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI).Results: During the 12-month study period, a total of 752 urine samples were analysed. Enterococcus (43.75%) was the most frequently isolated bacteria, followed by E. coli (28.45%) and Klebsiella (14.89%). Enterococcus was highly sensitive (p<0.001) to vancomycin (95.33%), E. coli was mostly sensitive to nitrofurantoin (83.65%) and Klebsiella mainly sensitive to imipenem (75.49%).Conclusions: The study showed that positive urine culture with the antibiotic sensitivity of the isolates is very important for antimicrobial therapy, as antibiotic resistance is a worldwide problem which causes ineffectiveness of treatment