As negociações coletivas após a reforma trabalhista e a importância para o trabalhador

Mediante negociação coletiva, durante todos esses anos empregados e empregadores vieram dialogando por meio de seus representantes para criarem normas jurídicas coletivas que regulam os contratos individuais e suas especificidades atuais, fazendo-os acompanharem a evolução do labor. Contudo, de certo, existem vigorosos limites jurídicos a serem considerados. Diante disso, esta monografia tem como precípuo analisar o instituto das negociações coletivas, demonstrando as possibilidades que ele traz e até onde pode ser usado como instrumento flexibilizador das normas trabalhistas. Trata-se de pesquisa qualitativa, dedutiva, por meio de procedimento técnico, bibliográfico e documental. Será analisada a evolução histórica das negociações coletivas sob a perspectiva brasileira, enquanto, de outro lado, analisar-se-á o conceito, distinções e efeitos jurídicos das negociações. Por fim, serão analisadas algumas das possibilidades de adoção da norma coletiva como instrumento de progresso, bem como os limites que possui para flexibilizar a norma trabalhista

Low-fat cupuassu goat milk yogurt optimization by just-about-right scale / Otimização de iogurte de leite de cabra de cupuaçu com baixo teor de gordura em uma escala quase certa

Goat milk products have been characterized by unusual consumers with lower acceptance due to their flavor and odor known as goaty. In this context, it was aimed to optimize the cupuassu goat milk yogurt formulation by fat-replaces addition using a Just-about-Right scale (JAR). Five treatments were performed: whole goat milk (W); skimmed goat milk (S); inulin (SI); maltodextrin (SM); and whey protein (SW). The cupuassu goat milk yogurts were evaluated by acceptability index, JAR and penalty analysis. The addition of inulin, maltodextrin and whey protein increase consumer acceptance and purchase intention. However, lower scores were observed for flavor. In Just-about-analyses, caprine flavor and odor were rates as a JAR. All the treatment was penalized as lower cupuassu flavor and odor. These results suggest that the addition of fat-replaces and cupuassu pulp improves the sensory characteristics of skimmed goat milk yogurt

Monoculture and mixed biofilms of listeria monocytogenes and pseudomonas fluorescens: effect of different culture media and temperatures

Like most microorganisms, Listeria monocytogenes and Pseudomonas fluorescens are able to form biofilms and are rarely found as monoculture biofilms in natural environments. Previous works showed that associations between bacteria from different genus commonly found in food-processing environments may affect their growth, attachment and biofilm formation. This work studied L. monocytogenes and P. fluorescens monoculture and multispecies biofilm formation, and investigated how different culture media and temperatures may influence such bacterial interactions. L. monocytogenes strains assayed were CECT 4031T, 747 and 994 (food isolates), 1559 (environmental isolate) and 1562 (clinical isolate). P. fluorescens strains used were ATCC 27663 and PF7A (food isolate). Each strain was tested for monoculture and mixed culture biofilm formation with each one of the other bacterium’s strains. Assays were performed during three days in 96-weel microtitre plates, at 4ºC, 22ºC and 37ºC. Brain Heart Infusion (BHI) and Skim Milk (SM) were the culture media and biofilm formation was assessed by Crystal Violet staining. Overall results showed that both media and temperature affect biofilm formation, as monoculture and as multispecies biofilms, and confirmed that the influence of different bacterial genus on biofilm formation is dependent on strains. Although a decrease of biomass was observed on multispecies biofilms formed at 22ºC in SM and at 37ºC in BHI, significantly higher OD values were found at 4ºC in both media, and at 22ºC in SM, indicating that the combination of these two bacteria on meat and dairy food processing environments may seriously compromise food safety potentiating higher contamination levels

Crescimento de Ophioderma cinereum (Müller & Troschel, 1842) (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea) em duas praias rochosas da cidade de Salvador, Bahia, Brasil

Ophioderma cinereum is a very common ophiuroid that can be found on the beaches of the seaside of Salvador City, on the northern coastline of Bahia State, and in the Todos os Santos Bay. However, there is a lot to learn about aspects of the life of these species, mainly about those aspects related to their secondary production and growth. This paper aims at learning more about the aspects related to the biomass and growth of O. cinereum that inhabit the beaches of Pituba and Itapuã, Salvador. Collection of specimens was done every two months, from June 2005 to June 2006 at periods of low tide. The animals were placed in sea water and anesthetized with crystals of magnesium chloride; after, they were treated with formaldehyde 4%, and preserved in alcohol 70%. In the laboratory, the specimens were put in tissue paper to dry during three minutes and weighed on analytic scale, to measure its total wet weight. They were dismembered from the disc next to the base and the members were individually measured in weight, length and height. The diameter and height of the discs were also individually measured. A spreadsheet was used to compare and analyze measured data and to calculate related media and other statistics analyzes. The diameter of the disc was considered the best variable to analyze the growth of the specimens, because it does not depend on the height of the disc. During the search, it was not identified any case of recruitment, with introduction of any young specimen in the two searched populations, which can be a signal of division of habitat, and different ecological niche for the young and for the adult specimen of O. cinereum. In general, it was observed different dynamics for the O.cinereum from two beaches in the work, and those dynamics reflected the influence of the particular conditions of each environment.Ophioderma cinereum é um ofiuróide muito comum no litoral baiano, ocorrendo em todas as praias de substrato duro do litoral de Salvador, litoral norte do Estado e na Baía de Todos os Santos. Contudo, o conhecimento desta espécie ainda é escasso. Quase nada se conhece sobre sua produção secundária e seu crescimento. Este trabalho tem por objetivo conhecer aspectos da biomassa e do crescimento de O. cinereum nas praias da Pituba e de Itapuã. Foram realizadas coletas bimensais de junho de 2005 a junho de 2006, durante as marés baixas de sizígia. Os animais coletados foram colocados em recipientes contendo água do mar e anestesiados com cristais de cloreto de magnésio, sendo posteriormente fixados em formol a 4% e preservados em álcool a 70%. No laboratório, os indivíduos foram colocados para secar em papel toalha durante três minutos e pesados em balança analítica, para obtenção do peso úmido total. Em seguida, os braços foram destacados do disco bem próximo à base e individualmente pesados e medidos (em comprimento e altura). O disco também foi pesado e medido (diâmetro e altura). Os dados mensurados foram lançados em planilhas para serem realizados os cálculos de médias, variância, desvio e erro padrão, correlações e regressões. Foi observado que para análise de crescimento da espécie a melhor variável a ser analisada é o diâmetro do disco, por essa ser uma variável independente da altura do disco. Não foi observado nesse trabalho nenhum período de recrutamento, com entrada de indivíduos jovens nas duas populações indicando que pode haver uma separação entre indivíduos jovens e adultos por nichos ecológicos. No geral, a dinâmica de Ophioderma cinereum nas duas praias foi diferente, refletindo as características particulares que cada praia apresenta para esta espécie

Efficient reSe2 photodetectors with CVD single-crystal graphene contacts

Rhenium-based 2D transition metal dichalcogenides such as ReSe2 are suitable candidates as photoactive materials for optoelectronic devices. Here, photodetectors based on mechanically exfoliated ReSe2 crystals were fabricated using chemical vapor deposited (CVD) graphene single-crystal (GSC) as lateral contacts. A "pick & place" method was adopted to transfer the desired crystals to the intended position, easing the device fabrication while reducing potential contaminations. A similar device with Au was fabricated to compare contacts' performance. Lastly, a CVD hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) substrate passivation layer was designed and introduced in the device architecture. Raman spectroscopy was carried out to evaluate the device materials' structural and electronic properties. Kelvin probe force measurements were done to calculate the materials' work function, measuring a minimal Schottky barrier height for the GSC/ReSe2 contact (0.06 eV). Regarding the electrical performance, I-V curves showed sizable currents in the GSC/ReSe2 devices in the dark and under illumination. The devices presented high photocurrent and responsivity, along with an external quantum efficiency greatly exceeding 100%, confirming the non-blocking nature of the GSC contacts at high bias voltage (above 2 V). When introducing the hBN passivation layer, the device under white light reached a photo-to-dark current ratio up to 106.This research was funded by National Funds through the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT) in the framework of the Strategic Funding UIDB/04650/2020 and projects PTDC/FIS-NAN/3668/2014 (LA2D) and PTDC/FIS-MAC/28114/2017 (POCI-01-0145-FEDER-028114) (GRAPHSENS). A.C. acknowledges the financial support of the project "GEMISGraphene-enhanced Electro-Magnetic Interference Shielding," with the reference POCI-01-0247-FEDER-045939, co-funded by COMPETE 2020-Operational Programme for Competitiveness and Internationalization and FCT-Science and Technology Foundation, under the Portugal 2020 Partnership Agreement, through the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF)

Estratégias de comunicação mercadológica em rótulos de alimentos consumidos por crianças

OBJECTIVE: Analyze marketing communication strategies (MCS) of labels of food products consumed by children under 5 years of age from the Brazilian National Health System (SUS) in the city of Rio de Janeiro. METHODS: In total, 390 labels of ultra-processed foods and industrialized baby foods were analyzed. The products were organized by similarity into 24 groups. Photographs of labels from each group were analyzed to identify the MCS, which were categorized into “presence of characters and/or celebrities,” “emotional appeal,” “freebies offering,” “health appeal,” “sensory stimulation,” “brand or slogan use,” “promotional price,” “advertisement under advertisement,” and “sustainability appeal.” The percentage frequency of labels according to the number of MCS per label; the total and average frequency of MCS according to the food group; the frequency of MCS type according to the food group; and communication resources by type of MCS were computed. RESULTS: 1 to 19 strategies were found per label and an average of 7.2 MCS per label, totaling 2,792 occurrences. The MCS “sensory stimulation,” “health appeal,” “brand or slogan use,” and “advertisement under advertising” were observed in all food groups. “Freebies offering” and “promotional price” were observed in eight and six food groups, respectively. In food groups of bread; dairy products; and sweets, candies, and goodies, all nine types of MCS included in the study were identified. The groups that presented fewer types of MCS (n=5) were: peanuts, instant noodles, and margarines. Of the total MCS identified on the labels, the most frequent were “sensory stimulation” (29.4%) and “health appeal” (18.2%); and the least frequent were “freebies offering” (0.8%) and “promotional price” (0.4%). The “emotional appeal” strategy presented the highest diversity of communication resources. CONCLUSION: Rigorous regulatory measures are required to protect consumers from massive exposure to MCS on food labels.OBJETIVO: Analisar estratégias de comunicação mercadológica (ECM) presentes em rótulos de produtos efetivamente consumidos por crianças menores de 5 anos usuárias do Sistema Único de Saúde na cidade do Rio de Janeiro. MÉTODOS: Foram analisados 390 rótulos de alimentos ultraprocessados e papas infantis industrializadas. Os produtos foram organizados por similaridade em 24 grupos. Realizou-se a análise das fotografias dos rótulos de cada grupo para a identificação das ECM, que foram categorizadas em: “presença de personagens e/ou celebridades”, “apelo emocional”, “oferta de brindes”, “apelo à saúde”, “estímulos aos sentidos”, “uso da marca ou slogan”, “preço promocional”, “propaganda sob propaganda” e “apelo à sustentabilidade”. Foram computadas: frequência percentual de rótulos segundo número de ECM por rótulo; frequência total e média de ECM segundo grupo de alimentos; frequência do tipo de ECM segundo grupo de alimentos; e recursos comunicacionais por tipo de ECM. RESULTADOS: Constataram-se de uma a 19 estratégias por rótulo e média de 7,2 ECM por rótulo, totalizando 2.792 ocorrências. As ECM “estímulo aos sentidos”, “apelo à saúde”, “uso da marca ou slogan” e “propaganda sob propaganda” foram observadas em todos os grupos de alimentos. Já “oferta de brindes” e “preço promocional” apareceram em oito e seis grupos de alimentos, respectivamente. Nos grupos pães, lácteos e doces, balas e guloseimas, foram identificados os nove tipos de ECM incluídos no estudo. Os grupos que apresentaram menos tipos de ECM (n = 5) foram: amendoins, macarrões instantâneos e margarinas. Do total de ECM identificadas nos rótulos, as mais recorrentes foram “estímulo aos sentidos” (29,4%) e “apelo à saúde” (18,2%); e as menos frequentes foram “oferta de brindes” (0,8%) e “preço promocional” (0,4%). A ECM “apelo emocional” apresentou a maior diversidade de recursos comunicacionais. CONCLUSÃO: São necessárias medidas regulatórias rigorosas que protejam o consumidor da massiva exposição às ECM em rótulos de alimentos

Manipulation of stillage use in the agricultiral ground according the technique norm P4.231

Há 30 anos, a vinhaça era comumente lançada em cursos de água. A partir de 1978, passou a ser reciclada para adubação dos campos. Gradualmente, reduziu-se as doses por unidade de área, bem como, introduziu-se novas tecnologias para incrementar a área de fertirrigação e assim conseguir eliminar possíveis riscos de contaminação das águas subterrâneas. Em 2005, a CETESB (Companhia de Tecnologia de Saneamento Ambiental) elaborou e publicou a Norma técnica P4.231 que dispões sobre critérios e procedimentos para aplicação no solo do resíduo em questão. A norma discorre sobre inúmeros aspectos no processo de utilização da vinhaça, desde o armazenamento, passando pelo transporte e enfatizando o modo de aplicação.Since 30 years, the stillage was ordinarily released in water current. From 1978, it was beginning to be recycled to field’s adubation. Gradually, the doses for unity of area was reduced, as also, was introduced new technologies to increment the fertirrigation and, so, get eliminate possible risk of underground waters contamination. In 2005, the CETESB (Technology of Ambiental Sanitation Company), elaborated and published a Technique Norm P4.231 that dispose about criterions and procedure to application in the ground of the residue in question. The Norm explain many points in the process of stillage utilization, since the stockpile, passing by the transport and emphasizing the application way