The Impact of Preterm Birth on Sleep through Infancy, Childhood and Adolescence and Its Implications

There is emergent literature on the relationship between the development of sleep-wake cycles, sleep architecture, and sleep duration during the neonatal period on neurodevelopmental outcomes among children born preterm. There is also a growing literature on techniques to assess sleep staging in preterm neonates using either EEG methods or heart and respiration rate. Upon discharge from hospital, sleep in children born preterm has been assessed using parent report, actigraphy, and polysomnography. This review describes the ontogeny and measurement of sleep in the neonatal period, the current evidence on the impact of preterm birth on sleep both in the NICU and in childhood and adolescence, and the interaction between sleep, cognition, and social-emotional outcomes in this population.</p

Additional file 2: of Retention of duplicated long-wavelength opsins in mosquito lineages by positive selection and differential expression

BEAST file in XML format. (XML 68.8 kb

Additional file 1: Figure S1. of RNAi reveals proteins for metabolism and protein processing associated with Langat virus infection in Ixodes scapularis (black-legged tick) ISE6 cells

Summary of the process employed to select I. scapularis genes for RNAi knockdown experiments. Δ ISE6 proteins from the differential proteomic analysis at 36 hpi were analyzed. Proteins were selected based on (1) increased expression level, (2) strength of proteomic support (minimum 2 peptides identified from LC-MS-MS per protein) from proteins identified in Grabowski et al. [4], and (3) orthology to vertebrate/invertebrate proteins; * orthologous proteins identified in published proteomic studies [4–6, 8]. LGTV denotes proteins that exhibited increased expression following LGTV infection and LGTV & UV-LGTV denotes proteins that exhibited increased expression following both LGTV infection and UV-LGTV treatment. + proteins that exhibited increased expression following LGTV infection as compared to UV-LGTV treatment. FAH, fumarylacetoacetase; ERP29, endoplasmic reticulum protein 29; ALDH, 1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate dehydrogenase; VNN, pantetheine hydrolase; MDH2, malate dehydrogenase; PARP, poly [ADP-ribose] polymerase; CMPK, UMP-CMP kinase; ACAT1, acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase; Hypo195, hypothetical protein; Hypo576. The prefix “ISCW” denotes VectorBase accession IDs. Figure S2 Effect of pGEM dsRNA concentrations on ISE6 cell viability following transfection for 60 h. X-tremeGENE (Xtr) transfection reagent was used to optimize pGEM dsRNA (RNAi negative control) concentrations in ISE6 cells at 60 h post transfection. Cell viability readings were compared to the Xtr + OptiMEM (Opti) control (gray bar). Red boxes indicate increased or no significant decrease in ISE6 cell viability. RLU560,590, relative light units 560 nm excitation and 590 nm emission. Error bars represent SEM. Statistical analysis was performed using an unpaired t-test between Xtr + Opti control and each pGEM dsRNA concentration. *p value ≤ 0.05 and **p value ≤ 0.01. Results represent 3 technical replicates and 1 biological replicate (multiple biological replicates completed with 10 ng concentration). Figure S3 Effect of transfection with dsRNA on ISE6 cell viability. FAH, fumarylacetoacetase; ERP29, endoplasmic reticulum protein 29; ALDH, 1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate dehydrogenase; VNN, pantetheine hydrolase; MDH2, malate dehydrogenase; PARP, poly [ADP-ribose] polymerase; CMPK, UMP-CMP kinase; ACAT1, acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase; Hypo195, hypothetical protein; Hypo576, hypothetical protein; pGEM, pGEM plasmid (negative control; light gray bars); LGTV 3UTR, 3’ UTR of LGTV TP21 strain (positive control; dark gray bars), RLU560,590, relative light units 560 nm excitation and 590 nm emission. ISE6 cell viability following transfection with 10ng dsRNA for 60 h normalized to the negative control pGEM dsRNA. Results represent 2–5 technical replicates and 3 biological replicates. Error bars represent SEM and unpaired t-tests for comparison of cell viability of the negative pGEM control versus each gene of interest. Table S1 T7-tagged primers used to amplify cDNA and synthesize dsRNA. Table S2 Primers used to amplify cDNA for I. scapularis genes of interest by RT-qPCR. Table S3 Enrichment/cluster analysis of ISE6 proteins that exhibited increased expression following LGTV and UV-LGTV treatment. ISE6 proteins with increased expression following LGTV infection and/or UV-LGTV treatment from [4] were searched via DAVID enrichment analysis. For each cluster, the P value represents a modified Fisher Exact P value, and EASE score implemented in DAVID gene enrichment and functional annotation analysis. Enrichment (E) score of ≥ 1.3 is equal to P value of ≤ 0.05. Table S4 Nucleotide similarity of RT-PCR products amplified from I. scapularis and ISE6 cells and IscaW1 gene models. Table S5 Summary of statistically significant values corresponding to figures. (DOCX 329 kb

Additional file 1: of Comparative pharmacological characterization of D1-like dopamine receptors from Anopheles gambiae, Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus suggests pleiotropic signaling in mosquito vector lineages

Genomic and pharmacologic assessment of mosquito dopamine receptors. (DOCX 1422 kb

Additional file 1: of Paralog analyses reveal gene duplication events and genes under positive selection in Ixodes scapularis and other ixodid ticks

Title of data: Additional Notes, Figures and Tables. Description of data: Additional Notes, Figures and Tables. (DOCX 2395 kb

Additional file 1: of Factors associated with oral glucocorticoid use in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a drug use study from a prospective national biologics registry

ARAD list of current ethics approvals across Australia. (DOCX 19 kb

Additional file 2: of Gout prevalence and predictors of urate-lowering therapy use: results from a population-based study

Table S1. Prevalence of gout by age group and gender from the South Australian 2015 Health Omnibus Survey. Table S2. Birth country prevalence (percentage). Odds ratios are for the comparison of participants with and without gout. Table S3. (A) Coefficients from the multinomial logistic regression model for predictors of allopurinol use. (B) Predictor variables not included in the model for allopurinol use. (PDF 236 kb

Additional file 1: of Gout prevalence and predictors of urate-lowering therapy use: results from a population-based study

The spring 2015 SAHOS study questions. (PDF 816 kb