On the Doubly hydrogen bonded dimer of 7-azaindole (0.1 M) as a model for DNA base pairs in acetonitrile solutions at rt

Multiple H-bonded base-pairing as a fundamental element of DNA structure was first described by Watson and Crick using stable keto tautomer forms. In their analysis, they considered the possibility of mutations via tautomeric proton transfer shifts. Among other phenomena, such shifts can be caused by electronic excitation; for example, anomalous adenine-cytosine pairing may be a result of two-proton phototautomerism. One suitable model base pair for two-proton translocating tautomerization is the C2h dimer of 7-azaindole (7AI) proposed by Taylor et al. in 1969. The most salient contribu¬tion of their work was that the double proton transfer in such a dimer occurs in a concerted manner. After the strong controversy raised in 1995 by the proposal of Douhal et al. of a stepwise mechanism for the process was overcome, its concerted nature has been strongly supported by available evidence (see references and references therein). Very recently, however, Kwon and Zewail claimed to have obtained new supportive evidence that the proton phototransfer in 7AI dimer in polar solvents is in fact a stepwise rather than concerted process. In this communication, we conducted a systematic spectroscopic study of the dimerization of 7AI at a 0.1 M concentration in acetonitrile that may allow us to demonstrate whether the 0.1 M 7AI solutions in acetonitrile at room temperature used by Kwon and Zewail contained enough 7AI doubly hydrogen bonded dimer to enable its photoselection and hence its photophysical characterization with femtosecond / fluorescence spectroscopy

A lower bound for topological entropy of generic non Anosov symplectic diffeomorphisms

We prove that a $C^1-$generic symplectic diffeomorphism is either Anosov or the topological entropy is bounded from below by the supremum over the smallest positive Lyapunov exponent of the periodic points. We also prove that $C^1-$generic symplectic diffeomorphisms outside the Anosov ones do not admit symbolic extension and finally we give examples of volume preserving diffeomorphisms which are not point of upper semicontinuity of entropy function in $C^1-$topology