65 research outputs found
Parameter estimation from measurements along quantum trajectories
The dynamics of many open quantum systems are described by stochastic master
equations. In the discrete-time case, we recall the structure of the derived
quantum filter governing the evolution of the density operator conditioned to
the measurement outcomes. We then describe the structure of the corresponding
particle quantum filters for estimating constant parameter and we prove their
stability. In the continuous-time (diffusive) case, we propose a new
formulation of these particle quantum filters. The interest of this new
formulation is first to prove stability, and also to provide an efficient
algorithm preserving, for any discretization step-size, positivity of the
quantum states and parameter classical probabilities. This algorithm is tested
on experimental data to estimate the detection efficiency for a superconducting
qubit whose fluorescence field is measured using a heterodyne detector.Comment: 8 pages, 3 figures, submitte
Quantum state tomography with non-instantaneous measurements, imperfections and decoherence
Tomography of a quantum state is usually based on positive operator-valued
measure (POVM) and on their experimental statistics. Among the available
reconstructions, the maximum-likelihood (MaxLike) technique is an efficient
one. We propose an extension of this technique when the measurement process
cannot be simply described by an instantaneous POVM. Instead, the tomography
relies on a set of quantum trajectories and their measurement records. This
model includes the fact that, in practice, each measurement could be corrupted
by imperfections and decoherence, and could also be associated with the record
of continuous-time signals over a finite amount of time. The goal is then to
retrieve the quantum state that was present at the start of this measurement
process. The proposed extension relies on an explicit expression of the
likelihood function via the effective matrices appearing in quantum smoothing
and solutions of the adjoint quantum filter. It allows to retrieve the initial
quantum state as in standard MaxLike tomography, but where the traditional POVM
operators are replaced by more general ones that depend on the measurement
record of each trajectory. It also provides, aside the MaxLike estimate of the
quantum state, confidence intervals for any observable. Such confidence
intervals are derived, as the MaxLike estimate, from an asymptotic expansion of
multi-dimensional Laplace integrals appearing in Bayesian Mean estimation. A
validation is performed on two sets of experimental data: photon(s) trapped in
a microwave cavity subject to quantum non-demolition measurements relying on
Rydberg atoms; heterodyne fluorescence measurements of a superconducting qubit.Comment: 11 pages, 4 figures, submitte
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Mapping and assessment of the capacity of ecosystems in French Guiana to supply ecosystem services. ECOSEO Project Report.
[no abstract available
Ten years of ecosystem services matrix: Review of a (r)evolution
With the Ecosystem Service (ES) concept's popularisation, the need for robust and practical methodologies for ES assessments has increased. The ES matrix approach, linking ecosystem types or other geospatial units with ES in easy-to-apply lookup tables, was first developed ten years ago and, since then, has been broadly used. Whereas detailed methodological guidelines can be found in literature, the ES matrix approach seems to be often used in a quick (and maybe even "quick and dirty”) way. Based on a reviewa of scientific publications, in which the ES matrix approach was used, we present the diversity of application contexts, highlight trends of uses and propose future recommendations for improved applications of the ES matrix. A total of 109 studies applying the ES matrix approach and one methodological study without concrete applications were considered for the review. Amongst the main patterns observed, the ES matrix approach allows the assessment of a higher number of ES than other ES assessment methods. ES can be jointly assessed with indicators for ecosystem condition and biodiversity in the ES matrix. Although the ES matrix allows us consider many data sources to achieve the assessment scores for the individual ES, in the reviewed studies, these were mainly used together with expert-based scoring (73%) and/or ES scores that were based on an already-published ES matrix or deduced by information found in related scientific publications (51%). We must acknowledge that 27% of the studies did not clearly explain their methodology. This points out a lack of method elucidation on how the data had been used and where the scores came from. Although some studies addressed the need to consider variabilities and uncertainties in ES assessments, only a minority of studies (15%) did so. Our review shows that, in 29% of the studies, an already-existing matrix was used as an initial matrix for the assessment (mainly the same matrix from one of the Burkhard et al. papers). In 16% of the reviewed studies, no other data were used for the matrix scores or no adaptation of the existing matrix used was made. However, the actual idea of the ES scores, included in the Burkhard et al.'s matrices published 10 years ago, was to provide some examples and give inspiration for one's own studies. Therefore, we recommend to use only scores assessed for a specific study or, if one wishes to use pre-existing scores from another study, to revise them in depth, taking into account the local context of the new assessment. We also recommend to systematically report and consider variabilities and uncertainties in each ES assessment. We emphasise the need for all scientific studies to describe clearly and extensively the whole methodology used to score or evaluate ES in order to be able to rate the quality of the scores obtained. In conclusion, the application of the ES matrix has to become more transparent and integrate more variability analyses. The increasing number of studies that use the ES matrix approach confirms its success, appropriability, flexibility and utility for decision-making, as well as its ability to increase awareness of ES
Mapping and assessing ecosystems and their services: a comparative approach to ecosystem service supply in Suriname and French Guiana
Current environmental resource management policies acknowledge the need to manage and conserve biodiversity. Sustaining good ecosystem conditions and ecosystem services (ES) is imperative at and across multiple spatial scales. The ES concept is a valuable tool to communicate the benefits that nature provides to people. In the Guiana Shield, neighbouring countries share landscapes and ecosystems, and therefore also the services they supply. This study presents the first spatial ES assessments at territorial level for Suriname and French Guiana. Expert-based ES supply matrices were used and analysed in combination with Land Use/Land Cover (LULC) data to compile ES capacity maps for the two territories. In comparison, both ES supply matrices showed a high degree of similarity–forest ecosystems scored the highest ES capacities, followed by aquatic and marine ecosystems. Agricultural and urban land cover showed weak to moderate capacities for ES supply. A statistical analysis revealed a 30% difference of the two matrix assessments. Expert scores given for ES in Suriname exceeded those in French Guiana, especially for urban LULC and planted forests. Sociodemographic factors such as age, gender and institutional environment were analysed to explain this difference. The diverging scores can also be attributed to the distribution and the degree of similarity of the different LULC types and, hence, ES capacities and different governance and institutional contexts of the assessments. Comparative evaluations are essential to understand the differences in perception of ES supply capacities and to underpin future knowledge-based bilateral conservation policies and funding decisions by governments and managers
Persistent control of a superconducting qubit by stroboscopic measurement feedback
Making a system state follow a prescribed trajectory despite fluctuations and
errors commonly consists in monitoring an observable (temperature,
blood-glucose level...) and reacting on its controllers (heater power, insulin
amount ...). In the quantum domain, there is a change of paradigm in feedback
since measurements modify the state of the system, most dramatically when the
trajectory goes through superpositions of measurement eigenstates. Here, we
demonstrate the stabilization of an arbitrary trajectory of a superconducting
qubit by measurement based feedback. The protocol benefits from the long
coherence time (s) of the 3D transmon qubit, the high efficiency
(82%) of the phase preserving Josephson amplifier, and fast electronics
ensuring less than 500 ns delay. At discrete time intervals, the state of the
qubit is measured and corrected in case an error is detected. For Rabi
oscillations, where the discrete measurements occur when the qubit is supposed
to be in the measurement pointer states, we demonstrate an average fidelity of
85% to the targeted trajectory. For Ramsey oscillations, which does not go
through pointer states, the average fidelity reaches 75%. Incidentally, we
demonstrate a fast reset protocol allowing to cool a 3D transmon qubit down to
0.6% in the excited state.Comment: 7 pages, 3 figures and 1 table. Supplementary information available
as an ancilla fil
Beam shaping to enhance zero group velocity Lamb mode generation in a composite plate and nondestructive testing application
International audienceZero group velocity (ZGV) Lamb modes have already shown their potential in nondestructive testing applications as they are sensitive to the sample structural characteristics. In this paper, we first consider an aluminum sample to validate a method based on the beam shaping of the generation laser. This method is proven to enhance ZGV Lamb modes in aluminum, and then advantageously applied to a composite material plate. Finally, based on the proposed method, scanning the sample over healthy and flawed zones demonstrates the ability to detect subsurface flaws
Applications of Laser-Ultrasonics and Laser Tapping to Aerospace Composite Structures
Peer reviewed: YesNRC publication: Ye
Detection of Skin Disbond in Honeycombs and Coating Detachment by Laser Tapping Technique
Peer reviewed: YesNRC publication: Ye
Laser-ultrasonic and laser-tapping techniques for probing aerospace composite structures
Peer reviewed: YesNRC publication: Ye
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