Family factors in the work motivation of child street vendors

The researchers made use of a descriptive research design, which aimed to determine whether the following family variables: family size, birth order, parent-child relationship and parental discipline are factors that motivate the working child. The objective of this study is to discover the reason why children work so as to have a better understanding of what drives the children to work. There were 34 working children who were purposively chosen from areas in Manila, specifically in Quiapo, Binondo, Sta. Cruz, church and Divisoria market. The participants were then grouped into 4 categories: (a) eldest child belonging to a large family size, (b) eldest child belonging to a small family size, (c) not the eldest child belonging to a large family size and (d) not the eldest child belonging to a small family size. The data was further sub-divided into categories that are based on the following family variables: (a) birth order, (b) parent-child relationship, (c) parental discipline and (d) family size. The respondents were interviewed using an unstructured interview guide. Qualitative analysis was used in further analysis of the data gathered. There were varying results according to the following family variables. The study further showed that following family variables are considered to be motivational factors by the respondents of this study

Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy (4th edition)

In 2008, we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, this topic has received increasing attention, and many scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Thus, it is important to formulate on a regular basis updated guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Despite numerous reviews, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to evaluate autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. Here, we present a set of guidelines for investigators to select and interpret methods to examine autophagy and related processes, and for reviewers to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of reports that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a dogmatic set of rules, because the appropriateness of any assay largely depends on the question being asked and the system being used. Moreover, no individual assay is perfect for every situation, calling for the use of multiple techniques to properly monitor autophagy in each experimental setting. Finally, several core components of the autophagy machinery have been implicated in distinct autophagic processes (canonical and noncanonical autophagy), implying that genetic approaches to block autophagy should rely on targeting two or more autophagy-related genes that ideally participate in distinct steps of the pathway. Along similar lines, because multiple proteins involved in autophagy also regulate other cellular pathways including apoptosis, not all of them can be used as a specific marker for bona fide autophagic responses. Here, we critically discuss current methods of assessing autophagy and the information they can, or cannot, provide. Our ultimate goal is to encourage intellectual and technical innovation in the field