Le café dans la jungle des standards de durabilité environnementale et sociale

Les standards de durabilité, en référence aux trois piliers du développement durable, envahissent les marchés internationaux de produits agricoles. Or ce phénomène n'est pas nouveau : les standards pour l'échange de céréales et de produits tropicaux sont apparus au XIX e siècle. L'objectif de cet article est de développer une lecture en termes de " commoditisation " (standardisation des produits primaires)/" décommoditisation " (création de diversité) des implications de la transition des standards traditionnels aux standards durables Nous montrons que les standards historiques ont contribué à la création d'une catégorie de biens appelés produits primaires ou commodités durables. Nous interprétons l'initiative du commerce équitable comme une tentative (avortée) de " décommoditisation " et montrons que la multiplication des standards de durabilité contribue à la " recommoditisation " des produits agricoles. (Résumé d'auteur

Compared energy efficiency of dairy cow and meat sheep farms, in organic and in conventional farming

The compared energy analysis of various farming systems makes it possible to carry out an approach of their sustainability through their faculty to produce energy in the form of livestock or vegetable products, while limiting the resort to non renewable energies. This study was carried out from the results of 38 farms in meat sheep and dairy cow production including 13 in organic farming. It focuses on livestock production, being acquired that the presence of cash crops raises considerably the energy effi-ciency. The main energy expenditure are the bought food, fertilisers and mechanization. The average en-ergy efficiency of the dairy cow farms is 0.59 and there is no difference between organic and conven-tional farming. In sheep production, the average is lower (0.41) but the organic farms have a higher level (0.47) thanks to a better food self sufficiency and no use of chemical fertilisers

Migration of the rice blast fungus, Magnaporthe grisea

The diversity and structure of populations of Magnaporthe grisea, the main fungal pathogen of rice, was described in many countries during the last 20 years. The expected clonal structure of the populations has been illustrated in many studies. The relationship between the genetic structure, deduced from neutral molecular markers, and the pathotypic structure, showed a range of situations varying from a one lineage-one race to almost a one genotype-one race correspondence. These studies have helped in choosing appropriate isolates for genetic characterization and to propose strategies to breed for durable resistance to blast disease. This background information is the basis to understand rice blast population evolution. But, to date, our understanding of how new virulent races appear and spread is limited. For example, the relative importance of short and long distance migration in the spreading of new virulent races is unknown. However, this information is needed to determine at which scale the deployment of a resistance strategy is likely to be effective and durable. We recently developed and used a set of 18 microsatellite markers for population studies (Adreit et al. in press in Molecular Ecology Notes). Preliminary studies on populations from the Central part of Madagascar show that some populations are differentiated at a local scale (1-5 km). These results suggest limited migration. We also studied the distribution of the genotypes of the cloned avirulence gene ACE1 at the worldwide scale. We determined the ACE1 genotype of more than 800 isolates. Avirulent isolates were the most frequent, were sampled all over the world, and shared the same ACE1 allele. Two major virulent genotypes were identified. Their frequencies vary with geographic origin. These genotypes appeared by a complex duplication/deletion event of ACE1. These two genotypes are widely distributed over different continents. Altogether, these results suggest a unique selection event followed by long distance migration(s). Our apparently contradictory results from studies at two different geographic scales are explained by two distinct modes of dissemination. Structuration at a local scale is consistent with short distance spore dispersal (1-5 m) observed during natural epidemics. Long distance migrations, including intercontinental, are possible through the transport of infected materials (probably seeds)

Recueil, traçabilité et restitution des données territoriales du programme ESPON

International audienceThe ESPON M4D Multi-Dimensional Database Design and Development Project entails integrating, verifying and presenting the territorial data produced by ESPON Applied Research Projects. The main challenges that the project faced were managing, standardising and coordinating a wealth of diverse data, ensuring data quality, traceability and creating display tools for territorial data. Implementing specialised methods and tools has provided solutions and opportunities for further analysis. It is clear that centralising the data management and processing helps a wider audience to access this data.Le projet ESPON M4D Multi Dimensional Database Design and Development consiste à intégrer, vérifier et restituer les données territoriales produites par les projets de recherche appliquée du programme européen ESPON. Les principaux enjeux de ce projet consistent à gérer la profusion de données hétérogènes, les normaliser et les harmoniser, évaluer leur qualité, assurer leur traçabilité, créer des outils de suivi et de restitution de ces données. La mise en place de tels méthodes et outils adaptés apportent quelques solutions et pistes de réflexion. Force est de constater que la centralisation de la gestion et du traitement de ces données aide à leur restitution à un très large public

Memory for public events in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer’s disease : the importance of rehearsal

Ribot’s law refers to the better preservation of remote memories compared with recent ones that presumably characterizes retrograde amnesia. Even if Ribot-type temporal gradient has been extensively studied in retrograde amnesia, particularly in Alzheimer’s disease (AD), this pattern has not been consistently found. One explanation for these results may be that rehearsal frequency rather than remoteness accounts for the better preservation of these memories. Thus, the aim of present study was to address this question by studying retrograde semantic memory in subjects with amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) (n = 20), mild AD (n = 20) and in healthy older controls (HC; n = 19). In order to evaluate the impact of repetition as well as the impact of remoteness, we used a test assessing memory for enduring and transient public events that occurred in the recent and remote past. Results show no clear temporal gradient across time periods (1960–1975; 1976–1990; 1991–2005; 2006–2011), but a better performance was observed in all three groups for enduring compared with transient events. Moreover, although deficits were globally found in both patients groups compared with HC, more specific analyses revealed that aMCI patients were only impaired on transient events while AD patients were impaired on both transient and enduring events. Exploratory analyses also revealed a tendency suggesting preservation of remote transient events in aMCI. These findings are discussed with regards to memory consolidation models

Recueil, traçabilité et restitution des données territoriales du programme ESPON

International audienceThe ESPON M4D Multi-Dimensional Database Design and Development Project entails integrating, verifying and presenting the territorial data produced by ESPON Applied Research Projects. The main challenges that the project faced were managing, standardising and coordinating a wealth of diverse data, ensuring data quality, traceability and creating display tools for territorial data. Implementing specialised methods and tools has provided solutions and opportunities for further analysis. It is clear that centralising the data management and processing helps a wider audience to access this data.Le projet ESPON M4D Multi Dimensional Database Design and Development consiste à intégrer, vérifier et restituer les données territoriales produites par les projets de recherche appliquée du programme européen ESPON. Les principaux enjeux de ce projet consistent à gérer la profusion de données hétérogènes, les normaliser et les harmoniser, évaluer leur qualité, assurer leur traçabilité, créer des outils de suivi et de restitution de ces données. La mise en place de tels méthodes et outils adaptés apportent quelques solutions et pistes de réflexion. Force est de constater que la centralisation de la gestion et du traitement de ces données aide à leur restitution à un très large public

STedi : une infrastructure logicielle pour renforcer la qualité des données territoriales statistiques

International audienceSpatial information must now meet standards to ensure data systems interoperability. While ISO standards, recommended by the INSPIRE directive in force, are adapted to environmental data, still many adjustments are necessary to adapt standards to territorial statistical data. Therefore, the INSPIRE data model is extended as part of the " ESPON Database 2013 " project. This article presents the " STedi " software infrastructure and its components based on the INSPIRE extended model proposed. This operational infrastructure enables the management of a data flow as a whole: from the provider to the user, from the acquisition to the retrieval of data and metadata. The infrastructure provides the oversight of data and metadata collected through software components such as the " Checking tool " , which is in charge of datasets quality process organisation. The modular infrastructure is compliant with standards and is transposable to multiple domains. MOTS-CLES : INSPIRE, modèle de données, qualité des données, infrastructure logicielle.L'information à référence spatiale doit aujourd'hui respecter des normes pour garantir l'interopérabilité des systèmes de données. Si les normes ISO recommandées par la directive INSPIRE en vigueur sont adaptées aux données environnementales, mettre en oeuvre la directive pour des données statistiques territoriales nécessite des adaptations. Le modèle de données INSPIRE est alors étendu pour la représentation de ces données, dans le cadre du projet « ESPON Database 2013 ». Cet article présente l'infrastructure logicielle « STedi » et ses composants reposant sur le modèle INSPIRE étendu proposé. Cette infrastructure opérationnelle permet la gestion d'un flux de données dans son ensemble : du fournisseur à l'utilisateur, de l'acquisition à la restitution des données et métadonnées. L'infrastructure veille au contrôle des données et métadonnées recueillies par le biais de briques logicielles telles que le « Checking tool », chargée d'organiser le processus de vérification de la qualité des jeux de données. Le caractère modulaire et le respect de standards font de l'infrastructure un système transposable à de multiples domaines

Самосборка низкоразмерных систем Al, Ni, Ti и Si в условиях околоравновесной конденсации

Дисертація присвячена вивченню закономірностей структуро- утворення тривимірних мікро- та наносистем Al, Ni, Ti та Si за умов близькорівноважної стаціонарної конденсації. Вивчена залежність механізмів структуроутворення конденсату від основних параметрів технологічного процесу: часу конденсації, тиску робочого газу та потужності розряду. Проаналізовані фізичні процеси, що відбуваються під час роботи накопичувальних систем плазма-конденсат. Для цих систем розроблено математичну модель самоорганізації критично малих стаціонарних пересичень, яка вивчена за допомогою фазової площини. Досліджено вплив на кінетику формування мікро- та наносистем Al, Ni, Ti та Si взаємозв’язаних ефекту Гіббса-Томсона та польової селективності. Розроблені та апробовані за допомогою побудови фазових траєкторій математичні моделі, які описують процес самозбірки низькорозмірних систем. Встановлено, що за близько-рівноважних умов можна реалізувати різні структурно-морфологічні форми конденсатів. При цитуванні документа, використовуйте посилання http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/24862Диссертация посвящена изучению закономерностей структуро- образования микро- и наносистем Al, Ni, Ti и Si в условиях критически малых пересыщений. Изучены процессы формирования конденсатов под влиянием структурной и полевой селективностей, степень проявления которых зависит от таких основных технологических параметров, как время конденсации, давление рабочего газа и мощность разряда. Проанализированы конструкции существующих распылитель- ных систем, разработана и создана накопительная система плазма- конденсат (НСПК) на базе планарного магнетрона и совмещенного с ним полого катода. Проанализированы происходящие в НСПК физические процессы и разработана математическая модель, описы- вающая изменение во времени таких нелинейно взаимозависимых технологических параметров, как пересыщение и температура ростовой поверхности. Методом фазовой плоскости установлена возможность самоорганизации критически малых стационарных пресыщений. С помощью математического моделирования показано, что при повышении давления рабочего газа происходит усреднение энергии распыленных атомов, что является необходимым условием повышения стационарности технологического процесса. Изучен механизм формирования фракталов Ni при осаждении предельно слабых паровых потоков на нагретые до относительно высоких температур (620 К) подложки. Показано, что снижение пересыщения паров Ni до критического значения может предельно локализировать области закрепления атомов и является основой для формирования на ростовой поверхности вискеров. Впервые показано, что диссипативная самоорганизация предельно малых стационарных пересыщений в накопительных системах плазма-конденсат приводит к консервативной самоорганизации низкоразмерных систем в виде тех или иных структурно-морфологических состояний поверхности конденсата. Изучены механизмы самосборки пористых пленок Al, трехмерных систем Ti в виде слабо связанных друг с другом ограненных или округлых кристаллов. Показано, что основой такой самосборки конденсатов является предельная минимизация свободной энергии конденсата. При этом селективная самосборка развитой поверхности металлов при проявлении полевой селективности является следствием выравнивания химических потенциалов в различных точках ростовой поверхности до уровня, при котором локальные скорости наращивания конденсатов не зависят от координат поверхности и не изменяются во времени. Изучены механизмы структурообразования конденсатов Si и разработана математическая модель, описывающая самоорганизацию островков одинаковых размеров и формы. При цитировании документа, используйте ссылку http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/24862The aim of dissertation is the study of regularities of Al, Ni, Ti and Si micro- and nanosystems formation under the conditions of critically small supersaturations. It have been studied the processes of condensates forming at influence of structural and field selectivity, they are depend on main technological parameters of condensation process such as time of condensation, pressure of working gas and power discharge. Physical processes in the accumulative ion-plasma system have been analyzed. For this systems was created mathematical model of selforganization extremely low steady-state supersaturation and studied by method of phase plane. The influence of interdependent effects of Gibbs-Thomson and field selectivities on forming kinetic of micro- and nanosystems of Al, Ni, Ti and Si was investigated. It was created and tested due to plotting of phase trajectories mathematical models, which reply for the self-assembly process of low dimensional systems. It was established that different structuralmorphological forms of condensates could be obtain at near equilibrium conditions. When you are citing the document, use the following link http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/2486

A quantitative deficiency in peripheral blood Vγ9Vδ2 cells is a negative prognostic biomarker in ovarian cancer patients.

International audienceVγ9Vδ2 cells are cytotoxic T cells that are able to recognize epithelial ovarian carcinoma (EOC) cells. Therefore, Vγ9Vδ2 cell-based adoptive transfer is an attractive therapy for EOC. However, the inefficient ex vivo expansion after specific stimulation of Vγ9Vδ2 cells from some patients and the relationships between Vγ9Vδ2 cells and clinical course of EOC are issues that remain to be clarified. Herein, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from 60 EOC patients were stimulated with bromohydrin pyrophosphate (BrHPP) or zoledronate, which are specific agonists of Vγ9Vδ2 cells. The compounds differed in their efficacies to induce ex vivo Vγ9Vδ2 PBMC expansion, but 16/60 samples remained inefficiently expanded with both stimuli. Interestingly, the Vγ9Vδ2 cells in these low-responding PBMCs displayed before expansion (ex vivo PBMCs) an altered production of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IFN-γ and TNF-α, a decreased naive fraction and a reduced frequency. No evidence of an involvement of CD4(+)CD25(+)Foxp3(+) regulatory cells was observed. Importantly, our data also demonstrate that a Vγ9Vδ2 cell frequency of 0.35% or less in EOC PBMCs could be used to predict low responses to both BrHPP and zoledronate. Moreover, our data highlight that such a deficiency is not correlated with advanced EOC stages but is associated with more refractory states to platinum-based chemotherapy and is an independent predictor of shorter disease-free survival after treatment. These results are the first to suggest a potential contribution of Vγ9Vδ2 cells to the anti-tumor effects of chemotherapeutic agents and they strengthen interest in strategies that might increase Vγ9Vδ2 cells in cancer patients

STedi : une infrastructure logicielle pour renforcer la qualité des données territoriales statistiques

International audienceSpatial information must now meet standards to ensure data systems interoperability. While ISO standards, recommended by the INSPIRE directive in force, are adapted to environmental data, still many adjustments are necessary to adapt standards to territorial statistical data. Therefore, the INSPIRE data model is extended as part of the " ESPON Database 2013 " project. This article presents the " STedi " software infrastructure and its components based on the INSPIRE extended model proposed. This operational infrastructure enables the management of a data flow as a whole: from the provider to the user, from the acquisition to the retrieval of data and metadata. The infrastructure provides the oversight of data and metadata collected through software components such as the " Checking tool " , which is in charge of datasets quality process organisation. The modular infrastructure is compliant with standards and is transposable to multiple domains. MOTS-CLES : INSPIRE, modèle de données, qualité des données, infrastructure logicielle.L'information à référence spatiale doit aujourd'hui respecter des normes pour garantir l'interopérabilité des systèmes de données. Si les normes ISO recommandées par la directive INSPIRE en vigueur sont adaptées aux données environnementales, mettre en oeuvre la directive pour des données statistiques territoriales nécessite des adaptations. Le modèle de données INSPIRE est alors étendu pour la représentation de ces données, dans le cadre du projet « ESPON Database 2013 ». Cet article présente l'infrastructure logicielle « STedi » et ses composants reposant sur le modèle INSPIRE étendu proposé. Cette infrastructure opérationnelle permet la gestion d'un flux de données dans son ensemble : du fournisseur à l'utilisateur, de l'acquisition à la restitution des données et métadonnées. L'infrastructure veille au contrôle des données et métadonnées recueillies par le biais de briques logicielles telles que le « Checking tool », chargée d'organiser le processus de vérification de la qualité des jeux de données. Le caractère modulaire et le respect de standards font de l'infrastructure un système transposable à de multiples domaines