20,553 research outputs found
Towards a -function in 4D quantum gravity
We develop a generally applicable method for constructing functions, ,
which have properties similar to Zamolodchikov's -function, and are
geometrically natural objects related to the theory space explored by
non-perturbative functional renormalization group (RG) equations. Employing the
Euclidean framework of the Effective Average Action (EAA), we propose a
-function which can be defined for arbitrary systems of gravitational,
Yang-Mills, ghost, and bosonic matter fields, and in any number of spacetime
dimensions. It becomes stationary both at critical points and in classical
regimes, and decreases monotonically along RG trajectories provided the
breaking of the split-symmetry which relates background and quantum fields is
sufficiently weak. Within the Asymptotic Safety approach we test the proposal
for Quantum Einstein Gravity in dimensions, performing detailed numerical
investigations in . We find that the bi-metric Einstein-Hilbert truncation
of theory space introduced recently is general enough to yield perfect
monotonicity along the RG trajectories, while its more familiar single-metric
analog fails to achieve this behavior which we expect on general grounds.
Investigating generalized crossover trajectories connecting a fixed point in
the ultraviolet to a classical regime with positive cosmological constant in
the infrared, the -function is shown to depend on the choice of the
gravitational instanton which constitutes the background spacetime. For de
Sitter space in 4 dimensions, the Bekenstein-Hawking entropy is found to play a
role analogous to the central charge in conformal field theory. We also comment
on the idea of a `- connection' and the `-bound' discussed
earlier.Comment: 15 figures; additional comment
Propagating gravitons vs. dark matter in asymptotically safe quantum gravity
Within the Asymptotic Safety scenario, we discuss whether Quantum Einstein
Gravity (QEG) can give rise to a semi-classical regime of propagating physical
gravitons (gravitational waves) governed by an effective theory which complies
with the standard rules of local quantum field theory. According to earlier
investigations based on single-metric truncations there is a tension between
this requirement and the condition of Asymptotic Safety since the former
(latter) requires a positive (negative) anomalous dimension of Newton's
constant. We show that the problem disappears using the bi-metric
renormalization group flows that became available recently: They admit an
asymptotically safe UV limit and, at the same time, a genuine semi-classical
regime with a positive anomalous dimension. This brings the gravitons of QEG on
a par with arbitrary (standard model, etc.) particles which exist as asymptotic
states. We also argue that metric perturbations on almost Planckian scales
might not be propagating, and we propose an interpretation as a form of `dark
matter'.Comment: 12 figures; further discussions adde
Macroeconomic Determinants of Contingent Protection: The Case of the European Union
Contingent Protection has grown to become an important trade restricting device. In the European Union, protection instruments like antidumping are used extensively. This paper analyses whether macroeconomic pressures may contribute to explain the variations in the intensity of antidumping protectionism in the EU. The empirical analysis uses count data models, applying various specification tests to derive the most appropriate specification. Our results suggest that the filing activity is inversely related to the macroeconomic conditions. Moreover, they confirm existing evidence for the US suggesting that domestic macroeconomic pressures are a more important determinant of contingent protection policy than external pressures.Antidumping; protection; macroeconomic conditions; estimation of count data models
Impacts of climate change of seaports: A survey of knowledge, perceptions, and planning efforts among port administrators
Port authorities from around the world were surveyed to ascertain how administrators feel climate change might impact their operations, what level of change would be problematic, and how they plan to adapt to new conditions. The survey was distributed to 350 major ports through two leading international port organizations, the International Association of Ports and Harbors and the American Association of Port Authorities. (PDF contains 4 pages
Comparison of the INRIM and PTB lattice-spacing standards
To base the kilogram definition on the atomic mass of the silicon 28 atom,
the present relative uncertainty of the silicon 28 lattice parameter must
lowered to 3E-9. To achieve this goal, a new experimental apparatus capable of
a centimetre measurement-baseline has been made at the INRIM. The comparison
between the determinations of the lattice parameter of crystals MO*4 of INRIM
and WASO4.2a of PTB is intended to verify the measurement capabilities and to
assess the limits of this experiment.Comment: 10 pages, 8 figures, submitted to Metrologi
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