Planeamiento estratégico de la seguridad personal como pilar del índice de progreso social regional

El Ministerio del Interior es el ente que rige la seguridad de la población en el país y es el encargado de administrar las políticas públicas nacionales y sectoriales. La seguridad personal involucra temas de homicidio, percepción de inseguridad, victimización, muertes y heridos por accidentes de tránsito. Al ser la seguridad personal un tema sensible para la ciudadanía peruana y para muchos otros países, en el presente documento planteamos estrategias implementables, y objetivos medibles y alcanzables a corto y mediano plazo. El Ministerio del Interior, con la implantación de este Plan Estratégico, busca lograr mejorar la calidad de vida de la población, mediante el apoyo de los diferentes organismos involucrados en la seguridad ciudadana. Las declaraciones de la visión y la misión de este plan estratégico formaran la guía para poder cumplir los objetivos y lograr las metas deseadas en estos ámbitos de la seguridad personal de país, sobre todo a las regiones que se encuentran alejadas de la capital, las cuales ya no tienen confianza en las leyes peruanas y están tomando la justicia por sus propias manos, implementando en sus ciudades sus propias reglas y sus propios castigos, ya que se sienten desprotegidos. Dentro de las mejoras que reclama la población está la seguridad personal, debido a que muchas encuestas realizadas en los últimos años indican que existe un alto índice de percepción de inseguridad y una tasa de victimización que ha venido reduciendo paulatinamente pero que aún no se encuentra en un nivel óptimo en el cual se pueda asegurar una mejora en la calidad de vida de la población. La Policía Nacional cumple una función primordial en este ámbito de la seguridad personal, por lo que se debe organizar a este recurso humano de tal manera que pueda estar en todas las regiones del país, y debe estar especializada por tipos de delitos, como criminalidad, pandillaje, robo a mano armada. Además, la Policía Nacional debe tener como parte de su cultura organizacional estar al servicio de la población y que las personas identifiquen su seguridad con este ente. Si bien es cierto que el encargado de velar por la seguridad del país es el Ministerio del Interior, es necesario de manera urgente realizar estrategias de integración entre este ente y los actores involucrados en la seguridad del país, como el Ministerio Público, el Ministerio de Justicia y Derechos Humanos, Policía Nacional, municipalidades, etc. Después de un análisis profundo de los recursos con las que cuenta el país para la seguridad personal, podemos decir que, además del recurso humano, también es fundamental brindar las herramientas necesarias, como infraestructura adecuada, para que puedan cumplir sus funciones de manera eficiente. Asimismo, se debe hacer seguimiento constante a todo el proceso de implementación y concientizar a todo el personal para que estén convencidos de que con estas acciones mejorará el nivel de seguridad en el país. El alcance de este documento se circunscribe a las acciones dentro del ámbito del Ministerio del Interior, por lo que a pesar de las recomendaciones finales acerca de la importancia de la educación para generar un cambio sostenible, consideramos que se encuentra en el ámbito del Ministerio de Educación, por lo que no será desarrollado en el presente documento.The Interior Ministry is the entity which regulates the populations’ security on a national basis. It is also the one in charge of administering the public policies. The personal security comprises subjects such as homicide, insecurity perception, victimization, deaths, and deaths related to transit accidents. Personal Security is a sensitive subject for the Peruvian population and for many other countries worldwide. On this paper we have raised strategies and measurable objectives that could be accomplished in a short and medium term. With the implementation of this plan, The Interior Ministry wants to improve the populations’ quality of life with the support of the different organisms involved in the country’s security. The declarations related to the vision and mission from this strategic plan form part of the guide to comply with the objectives and achieve the desired goals related to national security, most of all from the cities that are far from the main cities. The last do not have trust in Peruvian laws and are making judge by themselves. They implement their own rules and punishments because they feel that no one is taking care of them. The population demands improvements in the national security. The people demands security for themselves. When polls have been done, they indicate that there is a high index related to insecurity. Also, the term victimization has been reducing over the past years, but still does not stay at an optimum level which can assure an improvement in the quality of life from the population. The national police have a main function in this personal security aspect. This resource must be reorganized in such a way that all cities in the country must be specialized by types of crime when dealing with gangs, theft, among others. In addition, the police must have as their operational resource the culture for being an entity that works for the people’s security. It is important to mention that the Interior Ministry is the one in charged for the country’s security affairs, however it is necessary to integrate the people involved between the mentioned ministry and the people involved in the security of the country. These are the Justice Ministry, Human Rights, National Police Department, and Municipalities. After making a profound analysis on the resources that the country has, we can state in addition of the human resource that we need, it is mandatory that we have the tools such as an adequate infrastructure to comply with the functions in such an efficient way. There must be a constant follow up to make these actions come a reality with the result of achieving a better rate of security in the country. The scope of this document is limited to actions within the Interior Ministry, so despite the final recommendations about the importance of education to generate sustainable change, we consider that it is within the scope of the Education Ministry, so it will not be developed in this document.Tesi

Head and neck cancer surgery during the COVID-19 pandemic: An international, multicenter, observational cohort study

Background: The aims of this study were to provide data on the safety of head and neck cancer surgery currently being undertaken during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Methods: This international, observational cohort study comprised 1137 consecutive patients with head and neck cancer undergoing primary surgery with curative intent in 26 countries. Factors associated with severe pulmonary complications in COVID-19–positive patients and infections in the surgical team were determined by univariate analysis. Results: Among the 1137 patients, the commonest sites were the oral cavity (38%) and the thyroid (21%). For oropharynx and larynx tumors, nonsurgical therapy was favored in most cases. There was evidence of surgical de-escalation of neck management and reconstruction. Overall 30-day mortality was 1.2%. Twenty-nine patients (3%) tested positive for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) within 30 days of surgery; 13 of these patients (44.8%) developed severe respiratory complications, and 3.51 (10.3%) died. There were significant correlations with an advanced tumor stage and admission to critical care. Members of the surgical team tested positive within 30 days of surgery in 40 cases (3%). There were significant associations with operations in which the patients also tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 within 30 days, with a high community incidence of SARS-CoV-2, with screened patients, with oral tumor sites, and with tracheostomy. Conclusions: Head and neck cancer surgery in the COVID-19 era appears safe even when surgery is prolonged and complex. The overlap in COVID-19 between patients and members of the surgical team raises the suspicion of failures in cross-infection measures or the use of personal protective equipment. Lay Summary: Head and neck surgery is safe for patients during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic even when it is lengthy and complex. This is significant because concerns over patient safety raised in many guidelines appear not to be reflected by outcomes, even for those who have other serious illnesses or require complex reconstructions. Patients subjected to suboptimal or nonstandard treatments should be carefully followed up to optimize their cancer outcomes. The overlap between patients and surgeons testing positive for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 is notable and emphasizes the need for fastidious cross-infection controls and effective personal protective equipment

Delaying surgery for patients with a previous SARS-CoV-2 infection

Not availabl