Privileging Professional Insider Trading

This Article explores insider trading law\u27s increasingfocus on personal relationships, and the way in which thelaw has come to privilege professional overnonprofessional insider trading. The Article discusseshow, in an effort to expand insider trading liability, thegovernment has sought to impose legal duties of loyaltyand confidentiality on a host of personal relationships not otherwise subject to law-effectively basing civil andcriminal penalties on corruption in purely personalrelationships. At the same time, courts have adopted abusiness property rationale regardingthe use of nonpublicinformation and declined to prevent companies fromdisclosing valuable nonpublic information to select marketprofessionals, who may then lawfully trade. The currentlegal framework thus permits trading on tips byprofessional investors, while penalizing this same tradingby others. This problem is demonstrated by the divergentoutcomes in United States v. Newman and Salman v.United States. After Newman and Salman, personalrelationships are likely to be an increasing focus ofenforcement. Because of the disparate treatment oftrading on tips by professional versus nonprofessionaltraders, however, this focus does little to advance overallmarket fairness

Poly(2-cyclopropyl-2-oxazoline): from rate acceleration by Cyclopropyl to Thermoresponsive properties

The synthesis and microwave-assisted living cationic ring-opening polymerization of 2-cyclopropyl-2-oxazoline is reported revealing the fastest polymerization for an aliphatic substituted 2-oxazoline to date, which is ascribed to the electron withdrawing effect of the cyclopropyl group. The poly(2-cyclopropyl-2-oxazoline) (pCPropOx) represents an alternative thermo-responsive poly(2-oxazoline) with a reversible critical temperature close to body temperature. The cloud point (CP) of the obtained pCPropOx in aqueous solution was evaluated in detail by turbidimetry, dynamic light scattering (DLS) and viscosity measurements. pCPropOx is amorphous with a significantly higher glass transition temperature (T(g) similar to 80 degrees C) compared to the amorphous poly(2-n-propyl-2-oxazoline) (pnPropOx) (T(g) similar to 40 degrees C), while poly(2-isopropyl-2-oxazoline) piPropOx is semicrystalline. In addition, a pCPropOx comb polymer was prepared by methacrylic acid end-capping of the living cationic species followed by RAFT polymerization of the macromonomer. The polymer architecture does not influence the concentration dependence of the CP, however, both the CP and T(g) of the comb polymer are lower due to the increased number of hydrophobic end groups

Time-In-Cell: Isolation and Incarceration

What is solitary confinement, and what has been constitutional law\u27s relationship to the practices of holding prisoners in isolation? One answer comes from Wilkinson v. Austin, a 2005 U.S. Supreme Court case discussing Ohio\u27s super-maximum security ( supermax ) prison, which opened in 1998 to hold more than five hundred people. Writing for the unanimous Court in Wilkinson, Justice Kennedy detailed a painful litany of conditions

THE IMPACT OF PROMOTER POLYMORPHISMS ON CYTOKINE CONCENTRATION IN PRETERM BREAST MILK AND SUBSEQUENT INFANT OUTCOMES

The immune protection offered through breast milk is especially important for premature infants. Interleukins (ILs), found in breast milk but in varying concentrations, may provide preterm infants with protection against prematurity-related complications. Promoter polymorphisms have been associated with variable IL levels, though this relationship has never been investigated in breast milk. The aims of this study were to: 1) examine the relationship between maternal IL genotypes and weekly milk concentrations of IL4, IL6, and IL10, 2) describe the trajectories of milk IL change over the first three weeks postpartum, 3) examine whether maternal IL genotypes predict milk IL trajectories, 4) examine if weekly IL levels and/or IL trajectories predict infant outcomes, and 5) explore a relationship between maternal IL genotypes and infant outcomes. An ancillary study was conducted that extracted maternal DNA from breast milk for genotyping using TaqMan. Trajectory modeling was used to identify IL subgroups. After controlling for gestational age and prepregnancy BMI, there was an inverse association between rs1800796 minor allele absence (MAA) and milk IL6 among African Americans (p=0.0722). Subsequently, higher milk IL6 was also associated with decreased risk of IVH in African Americans (OR=0.32, p=0.1059). Additionally, among African Americans, there was a positive association between IL6 milk levels and calprotectin (week one p=0.0794, week two p=0.0978). Caucasians had an inverse relationship between rs1800795 MAA and milk IL6 (p=0.0966). Subsequently, there is a relationship between milk IL6 and infant calprotectin in Caucasians (p=0.0290). MAA of rs1800896 was associated with milk IL10 levels among African Americans (p=0.0705), though there was no relationship between milk IL10 levels and outcomes. There were no associations between maternal SNP and IL trajectory groups. Trajectory analysis resulted in linear group shapes, with two distinct subgroups in IL6, and three subgroups in both IL4 and IL10. Infants who received milk from IL4 group 2 were more likely to receive a blood transfusion than infants who received milk from group 3 (OR=4.16, p=0.0712). There was an association between IL6 group 1 membership and both IVH (OR=6.275, p=0.0412) and fecal calprotectin (p=0.0822). Traditionally significant findings (p≤0.05) included relationships between maternal IL genotypes and NICU outcomes

Brief Critical Survey of the Crisis of Brazilian Postdictatorial Dramaturgy

Este texto discute la situación de la dramaturgia brasileña después del fin de la dictadura militar en el país. Presenta los indicios acerca de la conciencia clara que tenían los artistas y los críticos sobre la insuficiencia que la estructura del drama moderno mostraba para hablar, frente a los desarrollos políticos, socio-económicos y culturales de los años 80, del dilema del ser humano en el Brasil y de las fuerzas que impactan sobre su vida. Reflexiona sobre los motivos de la ausencia de una discusión más amplia de la crisis de la forma dramática entre los dramaturgos brasileños. De ese modo, el texto presenta una pre-historia de la crisis de la mimesis representacional en la dramaturgia brasileña actual y coloca en una perspectiva histórica su dificultad de aceptar creativamente la crisis de la representación dramática. This paper discusses the situation of Brazilian playwriting after the end of the military dictatorship in this country. It presents signs that artists and critics were clearly conscious of the fact that, in the light of the political, socioeconomic and cultural developments of the 1980s, the structure of modern drama was no longer pertinent to talk about the dilemmas of living in Brazil and to capture the forces that impact on this life. It discusses the reasons why there was no broader discussion on the crisis of the dramatic form between Brazilian playwrights. In doing so, the paper presents a pre-history of the crisis of representational, realist mimesis in contemporary Brazilian playwriting and puts in historical perspective its difficulties of accepting creatively this crisis of realist dramatic representation

Lagrangian Framework for Systems Composed of High-Loss and Lossless Components

Using a Lagrangian mechanics approach, we construct a framework to study the dissipative properties of systems composed of two components one of which is highly lossy and the other is lossless. We have shown in our previous work that for such a composite system the modes split into two distinct classes, high-loss and low-loss, according to their dissipative behavior. A principal result of this paper is that for any such dissipative Lagrangian system, with losses accounted by a Rayleigh dissipative function, a rather universal phenomenon occurs, namely, selective overdamping: The high-loss modes are all overdamped, i.e., non-oscillatory, as are an equal number of low-loss modes, but the rest of the low-loss modes remain oscillatory each with an extremely high quality factor that actually increases as the loss of the lossy component increases. We prove this result using a new time dynamical characterization of overdamping in terms of a virial theorem for dissipative systems and the breaking of an equipartition of energy.Comment: 53 pages, 1 figure; Revision of our original manuscript to incorporate suggestions from refere

Lax-Phillips Scattering Theory of a Relativistic Quantum Field Theoretical Lee-Friedrichs Model and Lee-Oehme-Yang-Wu Phenomenology

The one-channel Wigner-Weisskopf survival amplitude may be dominated by exponential type decay in pole approximation at times not too short or too long, but, in the two channel case, for example, the pole residues are not orthogonal, and the pole approximation evolution does not correspond to a semigroup (experiments on the decay of the neutral K-meson system support the semigroup evolution postulated by Lee, Oehme and Yang, and Yang and Wu, to very high accuracy). The scattering theory of Lax and Phillips, originally developed for classical wave equations, has been recently extended to the description of the evolution of resonant states in the framework of quantum theory. The resulting evolution law of the unstable system is that of a semigroup, and the resonant state is a well-defined funtion in the Lax-Phillips Hilbert space. In this paper we apply this theory to relativistically covarant quantum field theoretical form of the (soluble) Lee model. We show that this theory provides a rigorous underlying basis for the Lee-Oehme-Yang-Wu construction.Comment: Plain TeX, 34 page