Controlled lateral manipulation of single diiodobenzene molecules on the Cu(111) surface with the tip of a scanning tunnelling microscope

Hla SW, Kühnle A, Bartels L, Meyer G, Rieder KH. Controlled lateral manipulation of single diiodobenzene molecules on the Cu(111) surface with the tip of a scanning tunnelling microscope. Surface Science. 2000;454:1079-1084.We report on the controlled lateral manipulations of adsorbed single diiodobenzene molecules on the Cu(111) surface with a scanning tunnelling microscope (STM) tip at 20 K. The molecular motions in this experiment are mainly induced by the attractive interaction between the tip and the molecule. Even though the leading manipulation mode is 'pulling', a continuous 'sliding' mode can also be induced if we use higher tip-molecule interaction forces. During the manipulation process, the molecules can follow the tip with hops of single or double copper-atomic-site distances and in some cases 'hop-scotch' type movements can also be observed. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved

Atomic-scale chemistry: Desorption of ammonia from Cu(111) induced by tunneling electrons

Bartels L, Wolf M, Klamroth T, et al. Atomic-scale chemistry: Desorption of ammonia from Cu(111) induced by tunneling electrons. Chemical Physics Letters. 1999;313(3-4):544-552.We report on excitation experiments on individual ammonia molecules adsorbed on Cu(lll) using a low-temperature scanning tunneling microscope. Multiple electronic excitation of the ammonia-substrate bond can lead to the desorption of molecules from the substrate and their transfer to the STM tip apex. The dependency of the desorption yield on the tunneling current at different biases shows that the order of the desorption process correlates directly with the minimum number of electrons necessary to overcome the binding energy. In contrast to previous experiments, excitation with either polarity, i.e., electron and hole attachment, can cause desorption. Hartree-Fock calculations allow us to deduce from spectroscopical data that the desorption process is mediated by an ammonia modified Cu4s state near the Fermi level. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved

STM observations of a one-dimensional electronic edge state at steps on Cu(111)

Bartels L, Hla SW, Kühnle A, Meyer G, Rieder K-H, Manson JR. STM observations of a one-dimensional electronic edge state at steps on Cu(111). Physical Review B. 2003;67(20):205416.Scanning tunneling microscopy measurements across isolated straight step edges on a Cu(111) surface were carried out for biases between 100 mV and 5 V. In addition to the well known surface state oscillations, and at lower sample bias than the onset of the two-dimensional surface image state, a sharply defined linear protrusion, was observed at the top of the step faces. This linear feature is interpreted as a one-dimensional image state at the step, with its energy modified by a dipolar potential whose appearance is attributed to Smoluchowski smoothing of the electron density at the step edge

Bulletin der deutschen Slavistik 24.2018

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The Changing Landscape for Stroke\ua0Prevention in AF: Findings From the GLORIA-AF Registry Phase 2

Background GLORIA-AF (Global Registry on Long-Term Oral Antithrombotic Treatment in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation) is a prospective, global registry program describing antithrombotic treatment patterns in patients with newly diagnosed nonvalvular atrial fibrillation at risk of stroke. Phase 2 began when dabigatran, the first non\u2013vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulant (NOAC), became available. Objectives This study sought to describe phase 2 baseline data and compare these with the pre-NOAC era collected during phase 1. Methods During phase 2, 15,641 consenting patients were enrolled (November 2011 to December 2014); 15,092 were eligible. This pre-specified cross-sectional analysis describes eligible patients\u2019 baseline characteristics. Atrial fibrillation disease characteristics, medical outcomes, and concomitant diseases and medications were collected. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Results Of the total patients, 45.5% were female; median age was 71 (interquartile range: 64, 78) years. Patients were from Europe (47.1%), North America (22.5%), Asia (20.3%), Latin America (6.0%), and the Middle East/Africa (4.0%). Most had high stroke risk (CHA2DS2-VASc [Congestive heart failure, Hypertension, Age  6575 years, Diabetes mellitus, previous Stroke, Vascular disease, Age 65 to 74 years, Sex category] score  652; 86.1%); 13.9% had moderate risk (CHA2DS2-VASc = 1). Overall, 79.9% received oral anticoagulants, of whom 47.6% received NOAC and 32.3% vitamin K antagonists (VKA); 12.1% received antiplatelet agents; 7.8% received no antithrombotic treatment. For comparison, the proportion of phase 1 patients (of N = 1,063 all eligible) prescribed VKA was 32.8%, acetylsalicylic acid 41.7%, and no therapy 20.2%. In Europe in phase 2, treatment with NOAC was more common than VKA (52.3% and 37.8%, respectively); 6.0% of patients received antiplatelet treatment; and 3.8% received no antithrombotic treatment. In North America, 52.1%, 26.2%, and 14.0% of patients received NOAC, VKA, and antiplatelet drugs, respectively; 7.5% received no antithrombotic treatment. NOAC use was less common in Asia (27.7%), where 27.5% of patients received VKA, 25.0% antiplatelet drugs, and 19.8% no antithrombotic treatment. Conclusions The baseline data from GLORIA-AF phase 2 demonstrate that in newly diagnosed nonvalvular atrial fibrillation patients, NOAC have been highly adopted into practice, becoming more frequently prescribed than VKA in Europe and North America. Worldwide, however, a large proportion of patients remain undertreated, particularly in Asia and North America. (Global Registry on Long-Term Oral Antithrombotic Treatment in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation [GLORIA-AF]; NCT01468701

Denying the right to work. German trade regulation and anti-gypsy policy 1871-1914

This is an accepted manuscript of an article published by Taylor & Francis in History of Retailing and Consumption on 17/01/2021, available online at: https://doi.org/10.1080/2373518X.2020.1859928 The accepted version of the publication may differ from the final published version.This article examines the role that a discriminatory application of the German Trade Code (Gewerbeordnung) played in the ‘Gypsy’ policy of the German Second Empire. It argues that the Code became central to the legalistic, bureaucratic form that their persecution assumed in this period, serving to criminalize the itinerant lifestyle of the Sinti and Roma and contributing greatly to their social and economic marginalization