The Effect of Garlic Extract on Expression of INFγ And Inos Genes in Macrophages Infected with Leishmania major

Background: The study was aimed to show the effect of molecular mechanism of Aqueous Garlic Extract (AGE) on expression of IFNγ and iNOS genes in Leishmania major.Methods: Leishmania major promastigotes (MRHO/IR/75/ER) were added to the in-vitro cultured J774 cell line, the cells were incubated for 72 hours. Various concentrations of garlic extract (9.25, 18.5, 37, 74, 148 mg/ml) were added to the infected cells. MTT assay was applied for cellular proliferation. After 72 hours of incubation, supernatants were collected and total RNA was extracted from the infected cells. The express of IFNγ and iNOS genes were studied by RT-PCR method.Results: The colorimetric MTT assay after 3 days of incubation showed cytotoxic effect of garlic extract with an IC50 of 37 mg/ml. In addition, IFNγ and iNOS genes expression by RT-PCR indicated that garlic extract lead to over expression of these genes in J774 cell line infected with L. major.Conclusion: Garlic extract exerts cytotoxic effect on infected J774 cell line. In addition, the hypothesis that garlic can improve cellular immunity with raising the expression of IFNγ and of iNOS genes con­firmed

Genotype and allele frequencies of N-acetyltransferase 2 and glutathione S-transferase in the Iranian population

1. Xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes constitute an important line of defence against a variety of carcinogens. Many are polymorphic, constituting the basis for the wide interindividual variation in metabolic capacity and possibly a source of variation in the susceptibility to chemical-induced carcinogenesis. The aim of the present study was to determine the frequencies of important allelic variants in the N-acetyltransferase 2 (NAT2) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) genes in the Iranian population and compare them with frequencies in other ethnic populations. 2. Genotyping was performed in a total of 229 unrelated healthy subjects (119 men, 110 women) for NAT2 and 170 unrelated healthy subjects (89 men, 81 women) for GST from the general Tehran population. A combination of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) was applied for typing of NAT2 polymorphisms. Detection of GSTM1 and GSTT1 null alleles was performed simultaneously using a multiplex PCR assay. 3. The frequencies of specific NAT2 alleles were 0.299, 0.314, 0.380, 0.007 and 0.000 for *4 (wild-type), *5 (C481T, M1), *6 (G590A, M2), *7 (G857A, M3) and *14 (G191A, M4), respectively. The most prevalent genotypes were NAT2 *5/*6 (29.70) and *4/*6 (21.40). The GSTM1- and GSTT1-null alleles were detected in 44.7 and 21.2 of subjects, respectively. 4. We found that Iranians resemble Indians with regard to allelic frequencies of the tested variants of NAT2. The predominance of slow (49.36) and intermediate (41.47) acetylation status compared with wild-type rapid acetylation status (9.17) in the study group suggests the significant prevalence of the slow acetylator (SA) phenotypes in the Iranian population. Our data confirmed that Iranians are similar to other Caucasian populations in the frequency of both GSTM1- and GSTT1-null alleles. © 2007 The Authors

Elevation of cyclic AMP causes an imbalance between NF-κB and p53 in NALM-6 cells treated by doxorubicin

We previously showed that cAMP can inhibit DNA damage-induced wild type p53 accumulation in human pre-B NALM-6 cells, leading to a profound reduction of their apoptotic response. Here, we provide evidence for the potentiation of DNA damage-induced NF-κB activation by cAMP. We found that inhibition of NF-κB activation prevents the inhibitory effect of cAMP on doxorubicin-induced apoptosis. Moreover, cAMP exerts its inhibitory effect on doxorubicin-induced apoptosis in a PKA-independent manner. The present study also shows that elevation of cAMP prolongs the phosphorylation of IκB and subsequent activation of NF-κB in doxorubicin treated NALM-6 cells in a proteasome-dependent manner. Taken together, our results demonstrate that cAMP abrogates the balance between apoptotic and antiapoptotic transcription factors that are hallmarks of DNA damage signaling. © 2010 Federation of European Biochemical Societies

The mitochondrial K-ATP channel opener, diazoxide, protects brain against ischemia-reperfusion injury in the rat

Objective: Even today there is no effective drug therapy to prevent neuronal loss after brain stroke. The objective of this research was to study effects of the mitochondrial K-ATP (MAK) channel regulators on neuronal cell population and neurological function after ischemia reperfusion in the rat. Methodology: Rats were temporarily subjected to four vessels occlusion for 15 minutes followed by 24 hours reperfusion with or without MAK channel regulators. Results: The normal cell count of neuronal population significantly increased in the K-ATP channel opener (diazoxide) treated ischemia-reperfusion group compared with the control group. Cell count and neurological function scores were dose dependent to MAK channel regulators in vivo. Conclusions: Our results showed that diazoxide treatment leads to better preservation of cortical neurons in rat

Involvement of PPAR-γ and p53 in DHA-induced apoptosis in Reh cells

Docosahexaenoeic acid (DHA, 22:6 n-3) is an omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid that is found in fish oil and exerts cytotoxic effect on a variety of cell lines. The molecular target, responsible for mediating this effect of DHA, still remains unknown. In this report, we presented experimental evidences for the role of PPAR-γ in conveying the cytotoxic effect of DHA. We showed that DHA induces apoptosis in Reh and Ramos cells and apoptotic effect of DHA is inhibited by the PPAR-γ antagonist GW9662, indicating that PPAR-γ functions as the mediator of the apoptotic effect of DHA. Furthermore, our result showed that DHA induces the PPAR-γ protein levels in both Reh and Ramos cells. Interestingly, DHA was found to induce the expression of p53 protein in Reh cells in a PPAR-γ-dependent manner. The up-regulation of p53 protein by DHA kinetically correlated with the activation of caspase 9, caspase 3, and induction of apoptosis, suggesting a role for p53 in DHA-mediated apoptosis in Reh cells. Taken together, these findings suggest a new signaling pathway, DHA-PPAR-γ-p53, in mediating the apoptotic effect of DHA in Reh cells. © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2007

A Brain-Computer Interface Based Attention Training Program for Treating Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

10.1371/journal.pone.0046692PLoS ONE710

Pelvic trauma : WSES classification and guidelines

Complex pelvic injuries are among the most dangerous and deadly trauma related lesions. Different classification systems exist, some are based on the mechanism of injury, some on anatomic patterns and some are focusing on the resulting instability requiring operative fixation. The optimal treatment strategy, however, should keep into consideration the hemodynamic status, the anatomic impairment of pelvic ring function and the associated injuries. The management of pelvic trauma patients aims definitively to restore the homeostasis and the normal physiopathology associated to the mechanical stability of the pelvic ring. Thus the management of pelvic trauma must be multidisciplinary and should be ultimately based on the physiology of the patient and the anatomy of the injury. This paper presents the World Society of Emergency Surgery (WSES) classification of pelvic trauma and the management Guidelines.Peer reviewe