Protection, Not Protectionism: Multilateral Environmental Agreements and the GATT

In this Article, Dean Baker examines the compatibility of multilateral environmental agreements with the provisions of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). The author discusses the key provisions of the Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Waste, the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer, the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, and the GATT. The author then reviews the conflict between unilateral environmental protection and open and free trade under the GATT. The author concludes the collective interests represented by international environmental agreements, and the agreements themselves, should provide a refutable presumption of validity and GATT compatibility to the extent they are relied upon to justify a state\u27s seemingly unilateral actions to protect the environment

An observational study of mother-child interaction.

Thesis (M.S.)--Boston Universit

The Iowa Homemaker vol.26, no.4

Metamorphosis, Lorraine Midlang, page 2 Keeping Up With Today, page 3 A Letter Home, page 4 Pinned, Engaged, or Going Steady?, Ruth Walker, page 5 Changing College to Five Years, Betsy Nichols and Jean Bunge, page 6 Mothers Operate Nursery School, Carol Bureck Best, page 8 New Hope for Space Shortage, Nancy Baker, page 9 What’s New in Home Economics, Marjorie Clampitt, page 10 Vicky Introduces S.W.O.C., Margery Saunders, page 13 A Cookbook You Can’t Put Down, Charlene Stettler, page 15 Back Stage Performance, Elizabeth Adams, page 16 “Send For” Pamphlets Make Fingertip Files, page 18 Graduate Designs Greeting Cards, Carita Girton, page 19 ’46 Speaks, Alumnae, page 2

The rhesus macaque is three times as diverse but more closely equivalent in damaging coding variation as compared to the human

Abstract Background As a model organism in biomedicine, the rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta) is the most widely used nonhuman primate. Although a draft genome sequence was completed in 2007, there has been no systematic genome-wide comparison of genetic variation of this species to humans. Comparative analysis of functional and nonfunctional diversity in this highly abundant and adaptable non-human primate could inform its use as a model for human biology, and could reveal how variation in population history and size alters patterns and levels of sequence variation in primates. Results We sequenced the mRNA transcriptome and H3K4me3-marked DNA regions in hippocampus from 14 humans and 14 rhesus macaques. Using equivalent methodology and sampling spaces, we identified 462,802 macaque SNPs, most of which were novel and disproportionately located in the functionally important genomic regions we had targeted in the sequencing. At least one SNP was identified in each of 16,797 annotated macaque genes. Accuracy of macaque SNP identification was conservatively estimated to be >90%. Comparative analyses using SNPs equivalently identified in the two species revealed that rhesus macaque has approximately three times higher SNP density and average nucleotide diversity as compared to the human. Based on this level of diversity, the effective population size of the rhesus macaque is approximately 80,000 which contrasts with an effective population size of less than 10,000 for humans. Across five categories of genomic regions, intergenic regions had the highest SNP density and average nucleotide diversity and CDS (coding sequences) the lowest, in both humans and macaques. Although there are more coding SNPs (cSNPs) per individual in macaques than in humans, the ratio of dN/dS is significantly lower in the macaque. Furthermore, the number of damaging nonsynonymous cSNPs (have damaging effects on protein functions from PolyPhen-2 prediction) in the macaque is more closely equivalent to that of the human. Conclusions This large panel of newly identified macaque SNPs enriched for functionally significant regions considerably expands our knowledge of genetic variation in the rhesus macaque. Comparative analysis reveals that this widespread, highly adaptable species is approximately three times as diverse as the human but more closely equivalent in damaging variation.http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/112453/1/12863_2011_Article_1004.pd