Amplicons generated with <i>Tv</i>PRAC PCR on DNA of different trypanosome taxa at 1 ng/µl, except for lanes 4, 8 and 9 where the specimen contains also host DNA.

<p>Lanes 1 and 16 = 100 bp marker, lane 2 = <i>T. vivax</i> Y486, lane 3 = <i>T. vivax</i> Fc, lane 4 = <i>T. vivax</i> Sh, lane 5 = <i>T. vivax</i> 4337, lane 6 = <i>T. vivax</i> 4338, lane 7 = <i>T. vivax</i> Di, lanes 8 & 9 <i>T. vivax</i> LIEM 176, lane 10 = <i>T. congolense</i>, lane 11 = <i>T. brucei brucei</i>, lane 12 = <i>T. evansi</i>, lane 13 = <i>T. equiperdum</i>, lane 14 = <i>T. theileri</i>, lane 15 = negative extraction control.</p

Amplicons generated with ITS-1 PCR on DNA of different trypanosome taxa at 1 ng/µl, except for lanes 4, 8 and 9 where the specimen contains also host DNA.

<p>Lanes 1 and 16 = 100 bp marker, lane 2 = <i>T. vivax</i> Y486, lane 3 = <i>T. vivax</i> Fc, lane 4 = <i>T. vivax</i> Sh, lane 5 = <i>T. vivax</i> 4337, lane 6 = <i>T. vivax</i> 4338, lane 7 = <i>T. vivax</i> Di, lanes 8 & 9 <i>T. vivax</i> LIEM 176, lane 10 = <i>T. congolense</i>, lane 11 = <i>T. brucei brucei</i>, lane 12 = <i>T. evansi</i>, lane 13 = <i>T. equiperdum</i>, lane 14 = <i>T. theileri</i>, lane 15 = negative extraction control.</p

Pathogen strains used to extract DNA for development and evaluation of <i>Tv</i>PRAC PCR.

<p>^a Jimma zone, Chora Botor district, tsetse infested region.</p><p>^b Bale Zone and West Gojjam, tsetse free region.</p><p>^c DNA extracted from blood of an infected calf.</p><p>^d DNA extracted from blood of an infected sheep.</p

Lower detection limits expressed as pg/µl of <i>Tv</i>PRAC PCR, ITS-1 PCR and 18S PCR-RFLP assessed on DNA dilutions of four Ethiopian <i>T. vivax</i> isolates.

<p>Lower detection limits expressed as pg/µl of <i>Tv</i>PRAC PCR, ITS-1 PCR and 18S PCR-RFLP assessed on DNA dilutions of four Ethiopian <i>T. vivax</i> isolates.</p

Assessment of the lower detection limit of <i>Tv</i>PRAC PCR on a fivefold DNA dilution series in water.

<p>Lane 1 = 100 bp marker, lanes 2 to 6: <i>T. vivax</i> 4337 DNA at 1000, 200, 40, 8, 1.6 pg/µl, lanes 7 to 11: <i>T. vivax</i> Fc DNA at 1000, 200, 40, 8, 1.6 pg/µl, 12 = negative extraction control.</p

Cross tabulation of results obtained with the three PCRs on 411 specimens from cattle under natural infection conditions.

<p>for the <i>T. vivax</i>-specific band.</p