Armbuster, Bonnie B., and Thomas H. Anderson, Structures of Explanations in History Textbooks or So What if Governor Stanford Missed the Spike and Hit the Rail? Journal of Curriculum Studies, 16(April-June, 1984), 181-194.

Examines explanations of historical events in textbooks in terms of four frame questions (goal, plan, action, outcome) in order to locate weaknesses that may hinder learning