Identification of a Novel Complex between the Nucleoprotein and PA(1–27) of Influenza A Virus Polymerase

The structure of the ribonucleoprotein complexes is crucial to viral transcription and replication of influenza virus, but association of the nucleoprotein (NP) with the polymerase remains to be characterized at the molecular level. Here, we identify a peptide of the polymerase acidic subunit PA(1–27) that associates with NP. Docking and molecular dynamics simulations suggest a similar NP binding site with PA(1–27) and PA(1–186). The PA(1–27)–NP complex is characterized by surface plasmon resonance and fluorescence using recombinant NP proteins and by pull-down assays in infected cells. The PA(1–27)–NP complex may have a role in the final steps of transcription and replication

Effects of resveratrol and longevinex on miRNA expression pattern.

<p>(A) Correlation of miRNA expressions between basal level and IR control heart using scatter plot: Few miRNA expressions were selected for display as shown in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0015705#pone-0015705-t001" target="_blank">table 1</a>. (B) Heatmap for cluster analyses of differentially expressed miRNA among samples: Each miRNA was represented as single bar based from their Ct values and color coding was shown below with a gradient from blue (negative and lowest Ct values) to red (positive and highest Ct values). miRNAs not detected were shown as black bars. Each column was represented sample indicated on top. (C) Principal component analyses of all samples. This multivariate analysis demonstrated the proximity of longivinex and resveratrol treated IR samples to the control (vehicle) samples. BL: Baseline; IR: Ischemia for 30 min and 2 h reperfusion; VEH: Vehicle, RESV: Resveratrol; LONG: Longevinex.</p

Effects of resveratrol and longevinex on blood flow, LVDP, dp/dt_max, infarct size and apoptosis.

<p>(A) Coronary flow, aortic flow and LVDP were estimated at baseline and at the indicated times of reperfusion. Infarct size and apoptosis were measured at the end of two hours of reperfusion. Results are expressed as Means±SEM of six animals per group. *p<0.05 vs. Vehicle (VEH). # p,0.05 vs corresponding I/R. BL: Baseline; I/R1h: Ischemia for 30 min and 1 h reperfusion; I/R2h: Ischemia for 30 min and 2 h reperfusion; RESV: Resveratrol; LONG: Longevinex.</p

Effects of resveratrol and longevinex on global miRNA expression.

<p>(A) Box-Whisker Plot of miRNA array where outliers were shown outside the black bar and excluded for analysis. The data (Ct values) were normalized based on endogeneous genes. (B) Profile plot of miRNA array filtered on expression (20.0–100.0)th Percentile in the raw data which were normalized based on endogeneous genes. BL: Baseline; I/R2h: Ischemia for 30 min and 2 h reperfusion; VEH: Vehicle, RESV: Resveratrol; LONG: Longevinex.</p

Differential expression of microRNA expressed in fold change with respect to basal level control heart sample.

<p>Top 25 miRNA were listed based its up or down regulation in IR samples.</p

Effects of resveratrol and longevinex on phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK.

<p>(A) Ratio of ERK1/2 phosphorylation to total ERK1/2 were plotted in samples as indicated. (B) Ratio of p38 MAPK phosphorylation to total p38 MAPK were plotted in samples as described. Results are expressed as Means±SEM of six animals per group. *p<0.05 vs. Vehicle (VEH). # p<0.05 vs corresponding I/R. BL: Baseline; I/R2h: Ischemia for 30 min and 2 h reperfusion; RESV: Resveratrol; LONG: Longevinex.</p