Field Applications of Entomopathogenic Fungi \u3ci\u3eBeauveria bassiana\u3c/i\u3e and \u3ci\u3eMetarhizium anisopliae\u3c/i\u3e F52 (Hypocreales: Clavicipitaceae) for the Control of \u3ci\u3eIxodes scapularis\u3c/i\u3e (Acari: Ixodidae)

Two commercial formulations of Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo-Crivelli) Vuillemin were applied to residential sites in Old Lyme, CT, for the control of nymphs of the blacklegged tick, Ixodes scapularis, in 1999 and 2000. The pyrethroid bifenthrin was applied to other premises for comparison with B. bassiana. A wood chip barrier was installed and maintained at six of the treated properties. In 1999, control of I. scapularis nymphs ranged from 74.5 to 83.0% on lawns without wood chips and from 88.9 to 90% on lawns with wood chip barriers. As a control check, no ticks (n= 23) collected at pretreatment or control sites died from B. bassiana, although 15 of 18 nymphs from treated lawns developed mycoses. Control of I. scapularis on the lawns in 2000 with the two B. bassiana products was lower, as follows: 38.0 and 58.7% without the barrier and 56.9 and 55.1% with the wood chip barrier. Posttreatment differences in nymphal numbers between treatments and control were signiÞcant (P=0.005 and P=0.039, 1999 and 2000, respectively). The bifenthrin provided 86 and 87% control each year, respectively. The application of Metarhizium anisopliae (Metschnikoff) Sorokin strain F52 to 9 residential sites in Westport and Weston, CT, in 2002 provided significant (P = 0.034; P = 0.039) reductions in nymphal tick abundance with 55.6 and 84.6% fewer ticks on lawn and woodland plots, respectively. These results suggest the application of entomopathogenic fungi could provide another approach for the control of I. scapularis nymphs in residential or similar landscapes

Chemical composition of Some Components of the Arrestment Pheromone of the Black-Legged Tick, Ixodes scapularis (Acari : Ixodidae) and Their Use in Tick Control

Chemical analysis (high-performance liquid chromatography) and bioassay demonstrated the presence of compounds that seem to be components of the Ixodes scapularis arrestment pheromone. Only two purines, guanine and xanthine, were found in acidified saline extracts made from cast skins after molting of fed nymphs, fed larvae, and fecal/excretory exudates deposited by unfed adults on substrates in their environment. The ratio of guanine to xanthine was 10.6:1 in an extract from the nymphal skins versus 0.95:1 in an extract from the larval skins. Guanine, xanthine, and traces of a third purine, tentatively identified as 8-azaguanine, were found in extracts made from filter paper strips or washings from glass vials contaminated with tick feces and excreta left by unfed adults. 8-azaguanine may be a product of microbial degradation of the other purines rather than a natural product from the ticks. Low concentrations of ammonia also were detected in saline extracts of excreta from feeding ticks. Hematin also was found in NH4OH extracts of the black fecal/excretory exudates deposited by the unfed ticks. Hematin was tentatively identified by comparison of spectra with that of the authentic standard. Bioassays demonstrated a strong positive arrestment response to cast skins found to contain a mixture of guanine and xanthine and to black fecal/excretory exudates containing guanine, xanthine, the putative 8-azaguanine, and hematin. A Noldus video tracking system using a CCD video camera and Ethovision Pro tracking software showed statistically significant increases in the frequency of visits to the treated zone versus the control. Ticks were significantly more likely to assemble in response to the tick exudates within as little as 3 h compared with the controls. Previous bioassay studies also showed strong positive responses to guanine, xanthine, other purines, and hematin. Comparisons with the arrestment pheromones of other tick species are described. The inclusion of the pheromone components in a permethrin-impregnated oily matrix, Last Call, increased the lethal activity of the product to 95% compared with only 65% in the formulation with permethrin alone. More detailed knowledge of I. scapularis arrestment pheromone may be useful for improving the efficacy of this tick-killing technology even further

Degradation of multiple peptides by microcystin-degrader Paucibacter toxinivorans (2C20).

Since conventional drinking water treatments applied in different countries are inefficient at eliminating potentially toxic cyanobacterial peptides, a number of bacteria have been studied as an alternative to biological filters for the removal of microcystins (MCs). Here, we evaluated the degradation of not only MCs variants (-LR/DM-LR/-RR/-LF/-YR), but also non-MCs peptides (anabaenopeptins A/B, aerucyclamides A/D) by Paucibactertoxinivorans over 7 days. We also evaluated the degradation rate of MC-LR in a peptide mix, with all peptides tested, and in the presence of M. aeruginosa crude extract. Furthermore, biodegradation was assessed for non-cyanobacterial peptides with different chemical structures, such as cyclosporin A, (Glu1)-fibrinopeptide-B, leucine-enkephalin, and oxytocin. When cyanopeptides were individually added, P. toxinivorans degraded them (99%) over 7 days, except for MC-LR and -RR, which decreased by about 85 and 90%, respectively. The degradation rate of MC-LR decreased in the peptide mix compared to an individual compound, however, in the presence of the Microcystis extract, it was degraded considerably faster (3 days). It was noted that biodegradation rates decreased in the mix for all MCs while non-MCs peptides were immediately degraded. UPLC–QTOF–MS/MS allowed us to identify two linear biodegradation products for MC-LR and MC-YR, and one for MC-LF. Furthermore, P. toxinivorans demonstrated complete degradation of non-cyanobacterial peptides, with the exception of oxytocin, where around 50% remained after 7 days. Thus, although P. toxinivorans was previously identified as a MC-degrader, it also degrades a wide range of peptides under a range of conditions, which could be optimized as a potential biological tool for water treatment

Susceptibility of \u3ci\u3eAedes aegypti, Culex quinquefasciatus\u3c/i\u3e Say, and \u3ci\u3eAnopheles quadrimaculatus\u3c/i\u3e Say to 19 Pesticides with Different Modes of Action

To access the relative potency of pesticides to control adult mosquitoes, 19 pesticides with various modes of action were evaluated against Aedes aegypti, Culex quinquefasciatus Say, and Anopheles quadrimaculatus Say. On the basis of 24-h LD50 values after topical application, the only pesticide that had higher activity than permethrin was fipronil, with LD50 values lower than permethrin for 107-, 4,849-, and 2-fold against Ae. aegypti, Cx. quinquefasciatus Say, and An. quadrimaculatus Say, respectively. Abamectin, imidacloprid, spinosad, diazinon, and carbaryl showed slightly lower activity than permethrin (\u3c20-fold). However, bifenazate showed very low activity against the three mosquito species tested, with LD50 values higher than permthrin for \u3e1000-fold. On the basis of 24-h LD50 values, Cx. quinquefasciatus was the least susceptible species to nine pesticides tested (DNOC, azocyclotin, chlorfenapyr, carbaryl, spinosad, imidaclorid, diazinon, abamectin, and permethrin), whereas Ae. aegypti was the least susceptible species to six pesticides tested (dicofol, amitraz, propargite, hydramethylnon, cyhexatin, and diafenthiuron), and An. quadrimaculatus was the least susceptible species to four pesticides tested (bifenazate, pyridaben, indoxacarb, and fipronil). Our results revealed that different species of mosquitoes had different susceptibility to pesticides, showing the need to select the most efficacious compounds for the least susceptible mosquito species to achieve successful mosquito control

Susceptibility of \u3ci\u3eAedes aegypti, Culex quinquefasciatus\u3c/i\u3e Say, and \u3ci\u3eAnopheles quadrimaculatus\u3c/i\u3e Say to 19 Pesticides with Different Modes of Action

To access the relative potency of pesticides to control adult mosquitoes, 19 pesticides with various modes of action were evaluated against Aedes aegypti, Culex quinquefasciatus Say, and Anopheles quadrimaculatus Say. On the basis of 24-h LD50 values after topical application, the only pesticide that had higher activity than permethrin was fipronil, with LD50 values lower than permethrin for 107-, 4,849-, and 2-fold against Ae. aegypti, Cx. quinquefasciatus Say, and An. quadrimaculatus Say, respectively. Abamectin, imidacloprid, spinosad, diazinon, and carbaryl showed slightly lower activity than permethrin (\u3c20-fold). However, bifenazate showed very low activity against the three mosquito species tested, with LD50 values higher than permthrin for \u3e1000-fold. On the basis of 24-h LD50 values, Cx. quinquefasciatus was the least susceptible species to nine pesticides tested (DNOC, azocyclotin, chlorfenapyr, carbaryl, spinosad, imidaclorid, diazinon, abamectin, and permethrin), whereas Ae. aegypti was the least susceptible species to six pesticides tested (dicofol, amitraz, propargite, hydramethylnon, cyhexatin, and diafenthiuron), and An. quadrimaculatus was the least susceptible species to four pesticides tested (bifenazate, pyridaben, indoxacarb, and fipronil). Our results revealed that different species of mosquitoes had different susceptibility to pesticides, showing the need to select the most efficacious compounds for the least susceptible mosquito species to achieve successful mosquito control

Susceptibility of \u3ci\u3eAedes aegypti, Culex quinquefasciatus\u3c/i\u3e Say, and \u3ci\u3eAnopheles quadrimaculatus\u3c/i\u3e Say to 19 Pesticides with Different Modes of Action

To access the relative potency of pesticides to control adult mosquitoes, 19 pesticides with various modes of action were evaluated against Aedes aegypti, Culex quinquefasciatus Say, and Anopheles quadrimaculatus Say. On the basis of 24-h LD50 values after topical application, the only pesticide that had higher activity than permethrin was fipronil, with LD50 values lower than permethrin for 107-, 4,849-, and 2-fold against Ae. aegypti, Cx. quinquefasciatus Say, and An. quadrimaculatus Say, respectively. Abamectin, imidacloprid, spinosad, diazinon, and carbaryl showed slightly lower activity than permethrin (\u3c20-fold). However, bifenazate showed very low activity against the three mosquito species tested, with LD50 values higher than permthrin for \u3e1000-fold. On the basis of 24-h LD50 values, Cx. quinquefasciatus was the least susceptible species to nine pesticides tested (DNOC, azocyclotin, chlorfenapyr, carbaryl, spinosad, imidaclorid, diazinon, abamectin, and permethrin), whereas Ae. aegypti was the least susceptible species to six pesticides tested (dicofol, amitraz, propargite, hydramethylnon, cyhexatin, and diafenthiuron), and An. quadrimaculatus was the least susceptible species to four pesticides tested (bifenazate, pyridaben, indoxacarb, and fipronil). Our results revealed that different species of mosquitoes had different susceptibility to pesticides, showing the need to select the most efficacious compounds for the least susceptible mosquito species to achieve successful mosquito control

Methods for combining continuously measured glucose and activity data in people with Type 2 diabetes : challenges and solutions

Aims: To present the novel application of combining continuously measured glucose with continuous accelerometer measured physical activity and sedentary behaviour data and discusses the principles used and challenges faced in combining and analysing these two sets of data in the context of diabetes management. Methods: The background and rationale for exploring glucose, physical activity and sedentary behaviour in people with Type 2 diabetes is presented, the paper outlines the technologies used, the individual data extraction and finally the combined data analysis. A case study approach is used to illustrate the application of the combined data processing and analysis. Results: The data analytic principles used could be transferred to different conditions where continuous data sets are being combined to help individuals or health professionals better manage and care for people with long term conditions. Conclusions: Future work should focus on generating validated techniques to visualise combined data sets and explore ways to present data back to the individual in an effective way to support health care management and rehabilitation

Interprofessional Education in U.S. and Canadian Dental Schools: An ADEA Team Study Group Report

Peer Reviewedhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/153755/1/jddj002203372012769tb05381x.pd

Effects of an Individualized Soccer Match Simulation on Vertical Stiffness and Impedance

An observed relationship between soccer match duration and injury has led to research examining the changes in lower extremity mechanics and performance with fatiguing exercise. Because many fatigue protocols are designed to result in substantial muscular deficits, they may not reflect the fatigue associated with sport-specific demands that have been associated with the increasing incidence of injury as the match progresses. Thus, the aim of this study was to systematically analyze the progressive changes in lower extremity mechanics and performance during an individualized exercise protocol designed to simulate a 90-minute soccer match. Previous match analysis data were used to systematically develop a simulated soccer match exercise protocol that was individualized to the participant's fitness level. Twenty-four National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I soccer players (12 men, 12 women) participated in 2 testing sessions. In the first session, the participants completed the Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test Level 1 to assess their fitness level and determine the 5 submaximal running intensities for their soccer match simulation. In the second test session, progressive changes in the rating of perceived exertion (RPE), lower extremity performance (vertical jump height, sprint speed, and cutting speed), and movement mechanics (jumping vertical stiffness and terminal landing impedance) were measured during the soccer match simulation. The average match simulation running distance was 10,165 ± 1,001 m, consistent with soccer match analysis research. Time-related increases in RPE, and decrements in sprinting, and cutting speed were observed, suggesting that fatigue increased as the simulation progressed. However, there were no time-related decreases in vertical jump height, changes in lower extremity vertical stiffness in jumping, or vertical impedance during landing. Secondary analyses indicated that the coordinative changes responsible for the maintenance of stiffness and impedance differed between the dominant and nondominant limbs. Despite an increase in RPE to near exhaustive levels, and decrements in sprint and cutting performance, the participants were able to maintain jump performance and movement mechanics. Interestingly, the coordinative changes that allowed for the maintenance of vertical stiffness and impedance varied between limbs. Thus, suggesting that unilateral training for performance and injury prevention in soccer-specific populations should be considered

Classifying Organizations for Food System Ontologies using Natural Language Processing

Our research explores the use of natural language processing (NLP) methods to automatically classify entities for the purpose of knowledge graph population and integration with food system ontologies. We have created NLP models that can automatically classify organizations with respect to categories associated with environmental issues as well as Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) codes, which are used by the U.S. government to characterize business activities. As input, the NLP models are provided with text snippets retrieved by the Google search engine for each organization, which serves as a textual description of the organization that is used for learning. Our experimental results show that NLP models can achieve reasonably good performance for these two classification tasks, and they rely on a general framework that could be applied to many other classification problems as well. We believe that NLP models represent a promising approach for automatically harvesting information to populate knowledge graphs and aligning the information with existing ontologies through shared categories and concepts.Comment: Presented at IFOW 2023 Integrated Food Ontology Workshop at the Formal Ontology in Information Systems Conference (FOIS) 2023 in Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada July 17-20th, 202