Granüloza hücreli over tümörlerinin yönetimi: Tersiyer bir merkeze ait 10 yıllık deneyim

Objective: Granulosa cell tumors (GCT) arise from the mesenchymal cells and sex cords of the ovaries and can be observed in women of all age groups. This study presented our 10 year-long gynecology oncology experience on the clinical course and outcome of GCT cases. Methods: Thirty-one patients who were operated due to suspicious adnexal masses in our hospital between January 2011 and January 2018 and whose final pathology report confirmed the diagnosis of GCT was included in the study. The data of the patients were evaluated. Preoperative ultrasound findings and serum tumor marker results are noted. Results: Twenty-nine (94%) patients were diagnosed with AGCS and only two (6%) patients were diagnosed with JGCS. The mean age of the study population was 47.74 14.47 years and the mean body mass index was 32.51 7.1. Most patients presented with heavy menstrual bleeding (29%). 48.4% of the patients underwent hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy, and complete lymph-node dissection, whereas 22.6% of them had hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy, and 29% of them had oophorectomy only. Three patients (9.3%) had a disease recurrence. The overall survival was 54.4 29.3 months and disease free survival was 49.6 24.2 months. Conclusion: The most important predictor of survival among patients with GCT is a disease stage at the time of initial diagnosis. Long-term surveillance, including routine clinical follow-up and evaluation of tumor markers is mandatory.Amaç: Granüloza hücreli tümörler (GCT) yumurtalıkların mezenkimal hücrelerinden ve cinsiyet kordonlarından ortaya çıkar ve her yaş grubundaki kadınlarda görülebilir. Bu çalışma, GCT olgularının klinik seyri ve sonuçları hakkında 10 yıllık jinekoloji onkoloji deneyimimizi sunmayı amaçladı. Yöntem: Ocak 2011-Ocak 2018 tarihleri arasında hastanemizde şüpheli adneksiyal kitle nedeniyle ameliyat edilen ve son patoloji raporu GHT tanısı ile doğrulanan 31 hasta çalışmaya dahil edildi. Hastaların verileri değerlendirildi. Preoperatif ultrason bulguları ve serum tümör belirteç sonuçları not edildi. Bulgular: Yirmi dokuz (%94) hastaya AGCS tanısı kondu ve sadece iki (%6) hastaya JGCS tanısı kondu. Çalışma popülasyonunun ortalama yaşı 47,74 14,47 yıl ve ortalama vücut kitle indeksi: 32,51 7,1 idi. Hastaların çoğu ağır adet kanaması (%29) ile başvurdu. Hastaların %48,4’üne bilateral salpingo-ooferektomi ve tam lenf nodu diseksiyonu ile histerektomi, %22,6’sına bilateral salpingo-ooferektomi ile histerektomi, %29’una sadece ooferektomi yapıldı. Üç hastada (%9,3) hastalık nüksü vardı. Genel sağkalım 54,4 29,3 aydı ve hastalıksız sağkalım 49,6 24,2 aydı. Sonuç: GCT’li hastalar arasında sağkalımın en önemli prediktörü, ilk tanı anındaki hastalık evresidir. Tümör belirteçlerinin rutin klinik takibi ve değerlendirmesini içeren uzun vadeli sürveyans zorunludur

Solubility and decomposition of organic compounds in subcritical water

In this article, studies on organic solubility and stability in subcritical water reported during the past 25 years have been reviewed. Data on the solubility and decomposition of organic compounds in subcritical water, a green solvent, are needed in environmental remediation, chemistry, chemical engineering, medicine, polymer, food, agriculture, and many other fields. For solubility studies, the experimental systems used to measure solubility, mathematical equations derived and applied for the modeling of the experimentally determined solubility data, and the correlation between the predicated and experimental data have been summarized and discussed. This paper also reviewed organic decomposition under subcritical water conditions. In general, the solubility of organics is significantly enhanced with increasing water temperature. Likewise, the percentage of organic decomposition also increases with higher temperature

Maternal serum IL-22 concentrations are significantly upregulated in patients with preterm premature rupture of membranes

Objectives: This study aimed to compare the serum IL-22 levels between preterm premature rupture of membranes (PPROM) patients and the control group with intact membranes. We also hypothesized whether serum IL-22 upregulation might contribute to defense against inflammatory responses and improve the pregnancy outcomes.Material and methods: We performed this prospective case-control study between 24–34 weeks of pregnancy. We enrolled 40 singleton pregnant patients with PPROM and 40 healthy gestational age- and gravidity-matched patients without PPROM. The degree of association between variables and IL-22 were calculated by Spearman correlation coefficients where appropriate. Scatter plots were given for statistically significant correlations. ROC curve was constructed to illustrate the sensitivity and specificity performance characteristics of IL-22, and a cutoff value was estimated by using the index of Youden.Results: Maternal serum IL-22 levels were significantly higher in PPROM patients (60.34 ± 139.81 pg/mL) compared to the participants in the control group (20.71 ± 4.36 pg/mL, p < 0.001). When we analyze the area under the ROC curve (AUC), the IL-22 value can be considered a statistically significant parameter for diagnosing PPROM. According to the Youden index, a 23.86 pg/mL cut-off value of IL-22 can be used to diagnosing PPROM with 72% sensitivity and 61.5% specificity. There was no positive correlation between serum IL-22 levels and maternal C-reactive protein (CRP) value, procalcitonin value, latency period, birth week, birth weight, and umbilical cord blood pH value.Conclusions: Maternal serum IL-22 levels were significantly higher in PPROM patients than healthy pregnant women with an intact membrane. We suggest that IL-22 might be a crucial biomarker of the inflammatory process in PPROM

Simultaneous determination of citalopram, paroxetine, fluoxetine, and sertraline by high-temperature liquid chromatography

A lack of serotonin in the brain is associated with depression. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are widely used to help treat depression and associated symptoms. A method has been developed for the simultaneous determination of SSRIs by high-temperature liquid chromatography (HTLC). Citalopram, paroxetine, fluoxetine, and sertraline compounds, which are widely used as antidepressant active agents, have been chosen as SSRIs. The separation of the SSRIs have been carried out by using four different column types, including XTerra MS C18, Zorbax SB-Phenyl, Alltima C18 and Phenyl Hypersil columns, and their chromatographic performances have been evaluated. The best separation has been obtained on the Zorbax SB-Phenyl column (150 mm × 4.6 mm, 5 μm) among the four different columns studied. The separation temperature and the composition of mobile phase were examined for the optimization of chromatographic separation. Chromatographic separation of SSRIs has been carried out at temperatures ranging from 100 to 200 °C with variable flow rates (0.5-1.5 mL/min). Water:acetonitrile:acetic acid mixtures containing with 10 or 20% acetonitrile and 2% acetic acid have been used as mobile phase. The best separation was observed at volume ratio of 78:20:2 (water:acetonitrile:acetic acid) at elevated temperature on the Zorbax SB-Phenyl column. The wavelength of UV detector was set at 254 nm. All four analytes were eluted within 8 min at 200 °C. At the end of working, it was observed that the retention times of all four analytes decreased with increasing temperature and was stated that the temperature was an effective parameter for chromatographic separation. Furthermore, the relationship between retention factor and separation temperature was examined using Van’t Hoff plots and the results demonstrated with correlation coefficient greater than 0.91 on Zorbax SB Phenyl column. Consequently, the proposed HTLC method for separation and analysis of SSRIs may be used as a green alternative technique

Separation of coumarins by subcritical water chromatography

Bu çalışma iki kısımdan oluşmaktadır. Çalışmanın birinci kısmında, yeni dizayn kromatografi sistemi kullanılarak, kumarin, vanilin ve etil vanilin bileşiklerinin subkritik su kromatografisi ile ayrılması araştırılmıştır. Kromatografik ayrımlar, Waters XTerra MS C18, Zorbax RRHD Eclipse Plus, Zorbax SB-Phenyl, Zorbax SB-C18, and Waters XBridge C18 kolonları içeren beş farklı kolon kullanılarak gerçekleştirilmiştir. Sıcaklığın artmasıyla birlikte çalışılan üç bileşiğinde alıkonma zamanları kısalmıştır. Çalışılan beş farklı kolon içinde Zorbax SB-Phenyl ve Zorbax SB-C18 iyi sonuçlar vermesine rağmen, en iyi ayrım Waters XBridge C18 kolonunda elde edilmiştir. Kumarin, vanilin ve etil vanilin bileşiklerinin subkritik su kromatografisi ile ayrımları 100 ile 200 °C arasında, hem sabit hem değişken akış hızlarında gerçekleştirilmiştir. Sıcaklığın, alıkonma faktörüne etkisi Van't Hoff eşitliği ile incelenmiştir. Çalışmanın ikinci kısmında, subkritik su kromatografisinde kolon dolgu materyali (sabit faz) olarak kullanılacak olan Poli(HEMA-MAH) (PHEMAH) (poli(hidroksietil metakrilat-N-metakriloil-(L-histidin)-metilester) mikroküreleri sentezlenmiştir ve yüksek sıcaklıkta kararlılık ve dayanıklılık testleri yapılmıştır. Bu moleküller yüksek sıcaklıkta kararlılık ve dayanıklılık gösterebilmektedir. Sentezlenen bu kolon dolgu maddesi ile kumarin, vanilin, etil vanilin, 6-metil kumarin ve 7-metil kumarin bileşiklerinin ayrılması 125 ile 200 oC arasında gerçekleştirilmiştir. Metanol/Su karışımı ( %2-97 ve %5-94) mobil faz olarak kullanılmıştır. En iyi ayrım yüksek sıcaklıkta %5-94 metanol/su oranında gözlenmiştir.In this study consist of two parts. In the first part of the study, we investigated the potential application of SBWC technique for separation of coumarin, vanillin, and ethyl vanillin using new design chromatography system. Chromatographic separations were performed on five columns including Waters XTerra MS C18, Zorbax RRHD Eclipse Plus, Zorbax SB-Phenyl, Zorbax SB-C18, and Waters XBridge C18 columns. Retention time of all three solutes was shortened with increasing water temperature. While separations on Zorbax SB-Phenyl and Zorbax SB-C18 columns are good, Waters XBridge C18 column yielded the best separation among the five commercial columns tested. Separation of coumarin, vanillin, and ethyl vanillin has been carried out using SBWC at temperatures ranging from 100 to 200 oC with both constant and variable flow rates. The temperature effect on retention factor was examined using van't Hoff equation. In the second part of the study, was synthesized the poly (HEMA-MAH) (PHEMAH) poly (hydroxyethyl methacrylate-N-methacryloyl-(L-histidine)-methylester) microspheres to be used as the column filling material (stationary phase) in subcritical water chromatography and their stability and durability tests were carried out at elevated temperature. These molecules can exhibit stability and durability at elevated temperature. Separation of coumarin, vanillin, ethyl vanillin, 6-methyl coumarin and 7-methyl coumarin have been carried out with the synthesised this column filling material at temperatures ranging from 125 to 200 °C. Methanol/ Water mixture (%2-97 and %5-94) were used as mobile phase in this process. The best separation was observed at % 5-94 methanol/water ratio at high temperature

Pre-treatment of landfill leachate by biochar for the reduction of chemical oxygen demand: the effect of treatment time, temperature and biochar dose

Landfill leachate is the liquid formed by the decomposition of waste in the landfill and infiltration of water through that waste. It contains high concentrations of ammonia and organic contaminants (measured in terms of chemical oxygen demand, COD). Biochar, produced from woody residues separated from municipal waste, was used for the reduction of COD of the leachate. The produced biochar was characterized by scanning electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller surface area analysis and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. By following response surface methodology and specifically the Box–Behnken design, the optimum conditions and effects of time, temperature and biochar dosage were determined. It was stated that biochar dosage was the most influential factor, whereas adsorption time and temperature had a lesser effect on the process. The optimum conditions for COD removal from the leachate were the following: treatment time 140 min, temperature 31 °C and biochar dosage of 1.95 g, where a 75.5% COD removal was achieved. At these conditions, the NH4+-N concentration was reduced by 23%. The spent biochar sample was regenerated by successively washing it with HF, ethanol and NaOH, and the regenerated sample achieved COD removal rates of 71%, indicating the potential for multiple uses

Investigation of solubility of active pharmaceutical ingredients at high temperature: solubility models and chromatographic separations

Günümüzde, atık sulardaki kirleticiler konusunda tarım uygulamaları, endüstriyel deşarjlar ve insanlar önemli bir rol oynamaktadır. Tüm bu uygulamalar, çeşitli kirleticiler üreterek ve su döngüsünü değiştirerek doğa ve insan sağlığı üzerinde küresel bir endişeye neden olmaktadır. Mikrokirleticiler içerisinde bugün en çok dikkat çekenlerden biri, içme suları vasıtasıyla insan sağlığında risk uyandırma potansiyeline sahip olan ilaç kalıntılarıdır. İlaç kalıntılarının potansiyel sağlık riskleri yanında, sucul ekosisteme ve fiziki çevreye olan zararları da pek çok araştırmanın konusunu oluşturmaktadır. Bu kirleticiler, farklı su kaynaklarında genellikle birkaç ng/L ile μg/L arasında değişen çok düşük konsantrasyonlarda bulunmaktadır. İlaçların çözünürlüğünde kullanılacak ideal çözücü, ayarlanabilir özelliklere sahip çok yönlü bir çözücü olan 'su'dur. Su, kaynama sıcaklığı ile kritik sıcaklığı arasında subkritik su olarak adlandırılmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, subkritik su kullanılarak ilaç etken maddelerinin çözünürlüğü incelenmiştir. Sonuçlar, ilaç etken maddelerinin yüksek sıcaklıktaki sulu çözünürlüğünün, ortam sıcaklığından daha yüksek olduğunu göstermiştir. 498 K'a kadar artan sıcaklık, 5-Fluorourasil için 12 kat, sülfadiazin için 15 kat, essitalopram okzalat için 55 kat, flukonazol için 147 kat ve ibuprofen için 10600 kat arasında değişen çözünürlük artışlarıyla sonuçlanmıştır. Deneysel verilere dayanarak, subkritik suda ilaç etken maddelerinin çözünürlüğünü tahmin etmek için matematiksel modeller geliştirilmiştir. Modeller başarıyla doğrulanmış ve teorik çözünürlük değerleri deneysel verilerle iyi bir şekilde eşleşmiştir. Ayrıca, Modifiye Apelblat denklemi, yüksek sıcaklıklarda deneysel değerlerle iyi bir uyum sağlamıştır. Subkritik sudaki ilaç etken maddelerinin molar çözünme entalpisi yüksek sıcaklık koşullarında belirlenmiştir. Pozitif entalpi değerleri, işlemin endotermik olduğunu göstermiştir. Sonuç olarak, subkritik sudaki ilaç etken maddelerinin yeterli çözünürlüğü, bu ajanların analizi için yeşil kromatografik teknikler kullanmamıza imkan sunmuştur.Nowadays, agriculture practices, industrial discharges and the human being play an important role on the issue of pollutants in wastewater. All these practices have generated various pollutants and altered the water cycle causing a global concern on nature and human health. Today, one of the most important micropollutants groups are residual pharmaceuticals which have potentially health risks for human through drinking water. In addition to the potential health risks of residual pharmaceuticals, their harmful effect on aquatic and physical environment have constituted the main focus of many research studies. These pollutants have commonly found in very low concentrations ranging from a few ng/L to several μg/L in different water resources. Water is by far the most suitable solvent for active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) as it is a versatile solvent with tunable properties. Water is called subcritical water between its boiling and critical temperatures. In the present study, the solubility of APIs was investigated by using subcritical water. The results showed that the aqueous solubility of APIs at elevated temperature was higher than that of ambient temperature. Increasing temperature up to 498 K were resulted in solubility enhancements ranging from 12-fold for 5-Fluorouracil, 15-fold for sulfadiazine, 55fold for escitalopram oxalate, 147-fold for fluconazole and to 10600-fold for ibuprofen. Based on the experimental data, mathematical models were developed to predict the solubility of APIs in subcritical water. The models were validated successfully and the theoretical solubility values matched well with the experimental data. Furthermore, a modified Apelblat equation provided a good fit to the experimental values at elevated temperatures. The molar enthalpies of dissolution of APIs in subcritical water were determined at high temperatures conditions. The positive enthalpy values indicated that the process was endothermic. Consequently, the adequate solubility of APIs in subcritical water allowed us to perform green chromatographic techniques for the analysis of this agents

VISUAL IMPACT ANALYSIS IN URBAN MORPHOLOGY: THE CASE OF THE GOLDEN HORN, ISTANBUL

Proceedings of the XXV ISUF International Conference “Urban Form and Social Context: from Traditions to Newest Demands” (Krasnoyarsk, July 5–9, 2018)This research seeks to find scenic attributes of the Historical Peninsula within its environment. By morphological understanding of its structure and space, the study will help to increase recognition for urban plazas and pedestrians with the management of visual impacts. It is a fact that Istanbul has been hosting some of the world’s historically significant structures and predominantly, they located in the Historical Peninsula. The Historical Peninsula was the former capital of the Byzantine and Ottoman empires therefore in present day it carries the culture and historical assets that overlapped on top of each other. The Bosphorus and the hilly topography of Istanbul together serve as a strong bounding element between the historical assets and it creates broad prospect among them. Those views carry a potential to capture and decode the spatial configurations and reveal the embedded patterns within the urban form. This paper will be an empirical study to designate the views from Ayvansaray district which is located on the sixth hill of the historical peninsula, along with the Golden Horn. Designated views seek for building defined corridors and plazas referencing the viewing point and landmark connections. These connections will be supported by enhanced public and pedestrian accessibility. The purpose is to strengthen the strategic views by highlighting Historical City Walls, revealing embedded patterns and designate corridors among them to clarify visual integrity and ease the management of visual impacts. Benefiting from the silhouette of the Historical Peninsula and protecting it, carries significant importance therefore seek to deeper understand the city structure. To be able to accomplish the purpose, the study firstly will fallow a method to understand and protect the characteristics in the historical background and designate plazas considering foreground, middle ground and background of the views. These provided inputs will be integrated with each other regarding to physical and visual aspects; in a manner of historically important structures, urban plazas and linear, panoramic views along with the Golden Horn prospect. Therefore, visual impact analysis will act as a supporter instrument

Aqueous solubility and chromatographic studies of antifungal drug-fluconazole at high temperature conditions

Fluconazole is a novel triazole antifungistatic drug, which can be administered both orally and intravenously and is currently used for the treatment of systemic and superficial fungal infections. In this study, the solubility of fluconazole in water at elevated temperature and pressure was investigated at temperatures in the range of 298 to 473 K under autogenous- 5.0 MPa pressure. The results showed that the solubility of fluconazole was increased 146-fold at the highest experimental temperature of 473 K. Based on the experimental data, a mathematical model was developed to predict the solubility of fluconazole in subcritical water. The model was validated successfully and the theoretical solubility values matched well with the experimental data. Furthermore, a modified Apelblat equation provided a good fit to the experimental values except at low temperature. The molar enthalpy and the molar entropy of dissolution of fluconazole in subcritical water at temperatures ranging from 298 to 473 K were calculated. The good solubility of fluconazole in subcritical water allowed us to perform high temperature liquid chromatography (HTLC) for the determination of this agent. Moreover, thermogravimetric (TG) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis confirmed that fluconazole had excellent thermal stability under subcritical conditions

Investigation on the solubility of the antidepressant drug escitalopram in subcritical water

*Akay, Sema ( Aksaray, Yazar ) *Kayan, Berkant ( Aksaray, Yazar )Escitalopram (ESC), the S-enantiomer of citalopram, is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor. Escitalopram is widely used to treat panic disorder, depression, obsessive compulsive disorder, and social anxiety disorder. The main goal of this present research is to determine the aqueous solubility of ESC at temperatures ranging from 298 to 473 K and a pressure of 5.0 MPa. ESC solubility increased significantly from 1.08 × 10-3 to 59.88 × 10-3 (mole fraction) when the temperature was raised from 298 to 473 K. This is a 55-fold enhancement. A mathematical model was developed based on our experimental solubility data. The model was used to successfully predict the solubility of ESC in subcritical water. Furthermore, experimental data were correlated using a modified Apelblat equation. The apparent thermodynamic analysis including apparent dissolution standard enthalpy (ΔsolH) and apparent dissolution standard entropy (ΔsolS) were calculated. Thermodynamic property calculations showed that the process is endothermic ΔsolH > 0, and the ΔsolS values were relatively high. Spectroscopic analyses revealed that ESC was stable in subcritical water at temperatures up to 473 K. The enhanced solubility of ESC in subcritical water enabled us to use high-temperature liquid chromatography to separate this antidepressant drug