47 research outputs found
Possibilities to breed for internal parasite resistance in Swedish beef breeds
The aim of this review is to investigate the possibilities to breed for parasite resistance in the Swedish purebred beef population, with starting point in the organic production. The present population structure, breeding objectives and genetic evaluation will be discussed as well as four common internal parasites found among cattle in Sweden, registration of resistance by using faecal worm egg counts (FEC), the genetic background of FEC, and last the possibilities of using quantitative trait loci (QTL) and marker-assisted selection (MAS).
Due to strict regulations in organic production concerning the use of anthelminthics it is necessary to find alternative methods to control parasites, and breeding for increased parasite resistance may be one way to go. There are breeding programmes in operation today among some sheep breeds in Australia and New Zealand where FEC is used as a selection criterion. Studies on Aberdeen Angus indicate that breeding programmes for resistance could probably be implemented successfully among cattle from temperate regions as heritability estimates for FEC range from low to moderate. But there are still a number of issues that needs to be addressed. One major issue is the lack of available information. The Swedish dairy association runs the Swedish beef recording scheme, Kött Avel Produktion (KAP), where information is collected about the Swedish beef populations. At present FEC is not registered in KAP.Syftet med denna litteraturstudie Àr att undersöka möjligheterna att avla för parasitresistens i
den svenska nötköttspopulationen, med utgÄngspunkt frÄn den ekologiska produktionen. I
studien tas dagens populationsstruktur upp, samt avelsmÄl, dagens avelsvÀrdering, fyra
vanligt förekommande invÀrtes parasiter hos nötboskap i Sverige, hur resistens registreras
med hjÀlp av faecal worm egg counts (FEC), den genetiska bakgrunden till FEC och sist
möjligheter att anvÀnda quantitative trait loci (QTL) och marker-assisted selection (MAS) i
avelsarbetet.
PÄ grund av de strikta reglerna i den ekologiska produktionen rörande anvÀndning av
avmaskningsmedel, mÄste man finna andra alternativ för att kontrollera parasiter. Att avla för
en ökad parasitresistens skulle kunna vara en vÀg att gÄ. I dagslÀget finns det avelsprogram
för vissa fÄrraser i Australien och Nya Zeeland som inkluderar resistens och dÀr selektionen
baseras pÄ FEC. Skattningar av arvbarheten för FEC hos köttdjur Àr lÄga till medelhöga och
studier pÄ Aberdeen Angus visar att det skulle kunna vara möjligt att införa parasitresistens i
avelsprogram för nötboskap frÄn tempererade regioner. Innan detta Àr möjligt Àr det dock flera
problem och frÄgestÀllningar som mÄste undersökas. I den svenska köttboskapskontrollen,
Kött Avel Produktion (KAP) som drivs av Svensk Mjölk, sker ingen registrering av
parasitresistens eller FEC och det Àr dÀrför i dagens lÀge inte möjligt att avelsvÀrdera för
denna egenskap
Z-sukupolven kokemukset vaikuttajamarkkinoinnista TikTokissa
TÀmÀn tutkimuksen tarkoituksena on tarkastella, miten ylÀkouluikÀinen Z-sukupolvi tulkitsee ja
ymmÀrtÀÀ TikTokissa tapahtuvaa vaikuttajamarkkinointia. TikTokin sisÀltö on viihdekÀyttöön
tarkoitettua ja vaikuttajamarkkinointi vielÀ verrattain uutta kanavassa, joten mainonta ei vÀlttÀmÀttÀ erotu sisÀllöstÀ helposti. Tutkimuksen tavoitteena on muodostaa teoreettinen viitekehys vaikuttajamarkkinoinnista ja nuorista sosiaalisen median kuluttajina, selvittÀÀ miten ja miksi Z-sukupolvi kÀyttÀÀ TikTokia sekÀ miten he suhtautuvat markkinointiin ja mainontaan TikTokissa.
Teoreettinen viitekehys rakentuu sosiaalisen median kanavien tarkastelusta ja vaikuttajamarkkinointiin sekĂ€ Z-sukupolven kulutustottumuksiin perehtymisestĂ€. NĂ€iden avulla tulkitaan Z-sukupolven ymmĂ€rrystĂ€ ja kokemuksia TikTokissa tapahtuvasta vaikuttajamarkkinoinnista. Viitekehyksen teemojen pohjalta toteutettiin laadullinen teemahaastattelututkimus, johon osallistui kahdeksan 16â17-vuotiasta henkilöÀ. Haastatteluiden tavoitteena oli saada syvĂ€llisempÀÀ ymmĂ€rrystĂ€ Z-sukupolven tulkinnoista ja kokemuksista ilmiöstĂ€.
Tutkimuksen tulokset syntyivÀt haastatteluiden havainnoista, joita peilattiin vahvasti teoreettiseen viitekehykseen sisÀllönanalyysissa. Tuloksista ilmeni, ettÀ Z-sukupolvi kÀyttÀÀ sosiaalista mediaa hyvin aktiivisesti arkipÀivÀssÀÀn niin viihteenÀ kuin kommunikointiinkin, ja hyödyntÀÀ sitÀ myös kulutuksessaan. TikTokia kÀytetÀÀn viihteenÀ ja ajanvietteenÀ, ja kÀyttöaika vaihtelee laajasti muutamasta minuutista moneen tuntiin, ja sovellusta kÀytetÀÀn pÀivittÀin. Haastateltavat kokivat, ettei TikTokissa ole vielÀ niin paljon mainontaa kuin muissa sosiaalisen median kanavissa. Suurin osa suhtautui myös neutraalisti vaikuttajien sponsoroituihin yhteistöihin tietÀen, ettÀ kyseessÀ on heidÀn työnsÀ, mutta liiallinen mÀÀrÀ mainontaa koettiin hÀiritsevÀksi. Haastateltavat kokivat myös tunnistavansa mainonnan, mutta myönsivÀt, ettÀ varsinkin TikTokissa se on piilotetumpaa ja osa mainoksista saattaa mennÀ ohi.
YstÀvien tuotesuosituksiin luotettiin enemmÀn, mutta todettiin, ettÀ vaikuttajien tuotesuosittelut vaikuttivat varsinkin alitajuntaisesti ostopÀÀtöksiin. LisÀksi jos vaikuttajalla oli ammattitaitoa
mainostamansa tuotteen alasta, tai haastateltavalla oli omakohtaista kokemusta tuotteesta tai
brÀndistÀ, nosti se uskottavuutta. Haastattelujen tuloksien mukaan oli kuitenkin tÀrkeÀÀ merkitÀ
sponsoroidut yhteistyöt selkeÀsti. Aitous ja lÀpinÀkyvyys nousi tuloksissa merkittÀviksi tekijöiksi. Myös ikÀrajojen tarkastelu sosiaalisessa mediassa, ja erityisesti TikTokissa, nousi tÀrkeÀksi huomioksi
Internationell och nationell avelsvÀrdering av köttdjur : validering av nationella avelsvÀrderingsmodeller
After a workshop in Kuopio held in June 2006, Interbull decided to go forward with the development of a system for beef international genetic evaluation and a three year project called Interbeef was launched in June 2007. The participating countries are so far limited to Europe and the only trait evaluated at present is adjusted weaning weight (weight at 200 days). The results from a first international genetic evaluation have been shared with the countries but are not yet official. The evaluation is based on data from purebred Charolais and Limousin. To achieve good estimates of proofs in an international context it is important that methods for data validation and model selection are implemented. Here a validation method A is suggested that have been specifically developed to suit beef data. This study was based on data from Sweden, Denmark, the United Kingdom (UK) and Ireland. The French dataset was not investigated due to limited computer capacity. Method A involved calculations of Akaikeâs Information Criterion (AIC) of three tests models. An approved model either had the lowest AIC value or differed no more than 5 % from the model with the lowest AIC. The models analyzed in this study were of adequate quality. The results also indicated that interactions had a large impact on the AIC. This study also includes a review of the national genetic evaluations, including research in the genomic area, performed in Sweden, Denmark, the UK, Ireland and France. Comparisons are made between the national genetic evaluations of beef cattle, the international genetic evaluation of dairy cattle and the work performed in Interbeef on beef cattle
Inget varar för evigt - Om diagnostiseringen av lindrig utvecklingsstörning utifrÄn teorier om social konstruktion.
Syftet med denna studie Àr att genom kvalitativa intervjuer och empiri undersöka om diagnosen lindrig utvecklingsstörning utstÀlls pÄ vetenskapliga grunder, eller om den i vissa fall utstÀlls av andra skÀl. Med andra skÀl menas, exempelvis, för att fÄ tillgÄng till olika resurser i samhÀllet, sÄ som insatser enligt LSS (Lag om stöd och service för vissa funktionshindrade), sÀrskola eller tillgÄng till habiliteringsverksamhet. Med andra skÀl kan ocksÄ menas att det under utredning av eventuell diagnos förekommit bristfÀllig information och tidsbrist vilket pÄverkat resultatet.
Den frÄgestÀllning som studien Àmnar att besvara Àr;
UtstÀlls diagnosen lindrig utvecklingsstörning pÄ vetenskapliga grunder och Àr diagnosen tillförlitlig och varaktig?
Studien utgÄr ifrÄn teorier om sociala konstruktioner. Dessa anvÀnds för att framstÀlla tankar kring diagnostisering i allmÀnhet och diagnosen lindrig utvecklingsstörning i synnerhet. Teorier om sociala konstruktioner anvÀnds hÀr för att belysa och diskutera kring diagnosens uppkomst i syfte att uppnÄ specifika mÄl inom ramen för samhÀllets krav och resursfördelningssystem. I denna uppsats framkommer att en diagnos inte alltid kan beskrivas som vare sig vetenskapligt förankrad, varaktig eller tillförlitlig pÄ grund av en mÀngd faktorer. I resultatet och analysen framkommer, utifrÄn intervjuer med informanterna, att testinstrumenten och normeringarna inte alltid Àr tillförlitliga. HÀr framkommer ocksÄ att utredaren ibland utstÀller diagnosen trots att underlaget inte Àr tillrÀckligt för att fastslÄ ett sÄdant antagande. HÀr redogörs ocksÄ för vilka motiv en utredande psykolog agerar efter utifrÄn samhÀllets resursfördelningssystem och utifrÄn rÄdande normer. En viktig slutsats som dras Àr att diagnosen inte kan utstÀllas med sÀkerhet i alla situationer och att det, som ovan nÀmnts, finns ett antal faktorer som försvagar diagnosens trovÀrdighet
Arkeologisk utgrÀvning och naturvetenskapliga analyser av gardfar, ID 24250, i à nestad : gnr. 45, bnr. 17, HÄ kommun, Rogaland
Oppdragsgiver: Jarle Ă
nestadI forbindelse med undersĂžkelse av et gardfar i Ă
nestad, HÄ kommun, ble det innsamlet totalt 4 makrofossilprÞver og 6 pollenprÞver fra et profil gjennom anlegget. MakrofossilprÞvene inneholdt et sparsomt antall frÞ av eng- og vÄtmarksplanter samt forkullete hasselnÞttskall. Pollenanalysen viser en opprinnelig varmekjÊr lÞvskog som erstattes av et Äpent kulturpÄvirket lyngheilandskap. Ut fra 14C-dateringene starter denne endringen ved overgangen til, eller under,
bronsealder. Det er spor etter beite og Äkerbruk i tre jordlag. I laget som overligger laget med datering fra bronsealder, foreligger det to dateringer som gir tidlig og sen middelalder. Det er utfÞrt tilsammen fire 14C-dateringer pÄ materiale fra det analyserte jordprofilet
Arkeologisk utgrÀvning och naturvetenskapliga analyser av stakketuft ID 158312 i Vestly : gnr. 22, bnr. 5, Time kommun, Rogaland
Oppdragsgiver: Lars OftedalI forbindelse med undersĂžkelse og fjerning av stakketuft i Vestly, Time kommun, ble det innsamlet
og analysert totalt 6 makrofossilprĂžver og 13 pollenprover fra to jordprofiler gjennom tufta.
MakrofossilprÞver fra fotgrÞft inneholdt et sparsomt antall frÞ av ugras som vokser pÄ Äkre og
ruderatmarker. Polleninnholdet i grÞftefyllet bestÄr mest av lyngpollen (medregnet rÞsslyng) og
trepollen, men ogsÄ fra Äkerugras og beitemarksplanter, spesielt i midtre og Þvre deler av fyllet.
Midtpartiet i stakketufta inneholder ikke rester etter Ă„kerplanter. Stakketufta er sannsynligvis
etablert pÄ opprinnelig hei eller eng, muligens etter en avsviingsepisode. Ei 14C-datering av lyng
fra Þvre lag av grÞftefyllet gir en alder pÄ AD 1645- Post 1950
Naturvetenskapliga undersökningar pÄ SÞmme I, ID 150777, Lokal 10 : gnr. 15, bnr. 5, Sola kommun, Rogaland
Oppdragsgiver: Statens vegvesenI samband med en arkeologisk utgrÀvning vid SÞmmevÄgen (SÞmme I, ID 150777, Lokal 10) analyserades pollen- och makrofossilprover. Proverna togs ut frÄn förhistoriska Äkrar och lÀmningar frÄn stenÄlder. De flesta kulturlager och anlÀggningar frÄn stenÄlder innehöll
hasselnötsskal (Corylus avellana). I en anlĂ€ggning (nr. 2) förekom ett frö av vete (cf. Triticum) som daterades till romersk jĂ€rnĂ„lder. Ă
kerlagren innehöll ett mindre antal frön av grÀs och ogrÀs.
PolleninnehÄllet i Äkerlagren visade pÄ ett öppet landskap med Äker och betesmark
New genetic loci link adipose and insulin biology to body fat distribution.
Body fat distribution is a heritable trait and a well-established predictor of adverse metabolic outcomes, independent of overall adiposity. To increase our understanding of the genetic basis of body fat distribution and its molecular links to cardiometabolic traits, here we conduct genome-wide association meta-analyses of traits related to waist and hip circumferences in up to 224,459 individuals. We identify 49 loci (33 new) associated with waist-to-hip ratio adjusted for body mass index (BMI), and an additional 19 loci newly associated with related waist and hip circumference measures (PÂ <Â 5Â ĂÂ 10(-8)). In total, 20 of the 49 waist-to-hip ratio adjusted for BMI loci show significant sexual dimorphism, 19 of which display a stronger effect in women. The identified loci were enriched for genes expressed in adipose tissue and for putative regulatory elements in adipocytes. Pathway analyses implicated adipogenesis, angiogenesis, transcriptional regulation and insulin resistance as processes affecting fat distribution, providing insight into potential pathophysiological mechanisms
Albiglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease (Harmony Outcomes): a double-blind, randomised placebo-controlled trial
Background:
Glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists differ in chemical structure, duration of action, and in their effects on clinical outcomes. The cardiovascular effects of once-weekly albiglutide in type 2 diabetes are unknown. We aimed to determine the safety and efficacy of albiglutide in preventing cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, or stroke.
Methods:
We did a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial in 610 sites across 28 countries. We randomly assigned patients aged 40 years and older with type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease (at a 1:1 ratio) to groups that either received a subcutaneous injection of albiglutide (30â50 mg, based on glycaemic response and tolerability) or of a matched volume of placebo once a week, in addition to their standard care. Investigators used an interactive voice or web response system to obtain treatment assignment, and patients and all study investigators were masked to their treatment allocation. We hypothesised that albiglutide would be non-inferior to placebo for the primary outcome of the first occurrence of cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, or stroke, which was assessed in the intention-to-treat population. If non-inferiority was confirmed by an upper limit of the 95% CI for a hazard ratio of less than 1·30, closed testing for superiority was prespecified. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT02465515.
Findings:
Patients were screened between July 1, 2015, and Nov 24, 2016. 10â793 patients were screened and 9463 participants were enrolled and randomly assigned to groups: 4731 patients were assigned to receive albiglutide and 4732 patients to receive placebo. On Nov 8, 2017, it was determined that 611 primary endpoints and a median follow-up of at least 1·5 years had accrued, and participants returned for a final visit and discontinuation from study treatment; the last patient visit was on March 12, 2018. These 9463 patients, the intention-to-treat population, were evaluated for a median duration of 1·6 years and were assessed for the primary outcome. The primary composite outcome occurred in 338 (7%) of 4731 patients at an incidence rate of 4·6 events per 100 person-years in the albiglutide group and in 428 (9%) of 4732 patients at an incidence rate of 5·9 events per 100 person-years in the placebo group (hazard ratio 0·78, 95% CI 0·68â0·90), which indicated that albiglutide was superior to placebo (p<0·0001 for non-inferiority; p=0·0006 for superiority). The incidence of acute pancreatitis (ten patients in the albiglutide group and seven patients in the placebo group), pancreatic cancer (six patients in the albiglutide group and five patients in the placebo group), medullary thyroid carcinoma (zero patients in both groups), and other serious adverse events did not differ between the two groups. There were three (<1%) deaths in the placebo group that were assessed by investigators, who were masked to study drug assignment, to be treatment-related and two (<1%) deaths in the albiglutide group.
Interpretation:
In patients with type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease, albiglutide was superior to placebo with respect to major adverse cardiovascular events. Evidence-based glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists should therefore be considered as part of a comprehensive strategy to reduce the risk of cardiovascular events in patients with type 2 diabetes.
Funding:
GlaxoSmithKline
New susceptibility loci associated with kidney disease in type 1 diabetes
WOS:000309817900008Diabetic kidney disease, or diabetic nephropathy (DN), is a major complication of diabetes and the leading cause of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) that requires dialysis treatment or kidney transplantation. In addition to the decrease in the quality of life, DN accounts for a large proportion of the excess mortality associated with type 1 diabetes (T1D). Whereas the degree of glycemia plays a pivotal role in DN, a subset of individuals with poorly controlled T1D do not develop DN. Furthermore, strong familial aggregation supports genetic susceptibility to DN. However, the genes and the molecular mechanisms behind the disease remain poorly understood, and current therapeutic strategies rarely result in reversal of DN. In the GEnetics of Nephropathy: an International Effort (GENIE) consortium, we have undertaken a meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of T1D DN comprising âŒ2.4 million single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) imputed in 6,691 individuals. After additional genotyping of 41 top ranked SNPs representing 24 independent signals in 5,873 individuals, combined meta-analysis revealed association of two SNPs with ESRD: rs7583877 in the AFF3 gene (Pâ=â1.2Ă10(-8)) and an intergenic SNP on chromosome 15q26 between the genes RGMA and MCTP2, rs12437854 (Pâ=â2.0Ă10(-9)). Functional data suggest that AFF3 influences renal tubule fibrosis via the transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-ÎČ1) pathway. The strongest association with DN as a primary phenotype was seen for an intronic SNP in the ERBB4 gene (rs7588550, Pâ=â2.1Ă10(-7)), a gene with type 2 diabetes DN differential expression and in the same intron as a variant with cis-eQTL expression of ERBB4. All these detected associations represent new signals in the pathogenesis of DN.Peer reviewe