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    μ‚¬λžŒμ§€λ°©μ‘°μ§μ„ μ€‘μ‹¬μœΌλ‘œ ν•œ fibroblast growth factor 21 resistance의 기전에 κ΄€ν•œ 연ꡬ

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    ν•™μœ„λ…Όλ¬Έ(박사)--μ„œμšΈλŒ€ν•™κ΅ λŒ€ν•™μ› :μ˜κ³ΌλŒ€ν•™ μ˜ν•™κ³Ό,2020. 2. μ΅œμ„±ν¬.Ectopic fat accumulation is a typical feature in metabolic deterioration conditions such as diabetes, metabolic syndrome, and cardiovascular disease. Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is a novel metabolic regulatory protein produced primarily by the liver and acts mainly through the adipose tissue; it regulates glucose and lipid metabolism. However, plasma FGF21 concentrations are paradoxically increased in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and obesity, suggesting resistance to the action of this ligand. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between FGF21 concentrations and various types of ectopic fat accumulation in patients with insulin resistance. Furthermore, this study aimed to elucidate the mechanism underlying FGF21 resistance in T2DM patients by investigating FGF21 receptor expression and post-receptor signaling in different fat deposits. Three independent cohorts were investigated. Cohort 1 consisted of 190 patients referred from a health promotion center. Based on a review of their medical history, demographics, clinical profiles, and concomitant medication, the patients were identified and analyzed for normal glucose tolerance (NGT), prediabetes, and T2DM. Sixty-four-slice multi-detector computed tomography was used to quantify fat amount from various sites (subcutaneous, visceral, epicardial, intrahepatic, and intramuscular fat) and plasma FGF21 concentrations were measured. Visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissues were obtained from patients undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery (Cohort 2) and patients undergoing general abdominal surgery (Cohort 3). FGF21 receptor expression and post-receptor signaling in different fat deposits of both non-diabetic and T2DM patients were analyzed. Plasma FGF21 concentrations were significantly associated with body mass index, triglyceride concentrations, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance, and the Matsuda index. Plasma FGF21 concentrations were significantly higher in T2DM patients than in the prediabetic and NGT groups. Similarly, the amount of ectopic fat (visceral, epicardial, intrahepatic, and intramuscular fat) in patients with T2DM was significantly higher than that in the NGT group, and plasma FGF21 concentrations were strongly correlated with ectopic fat accumulation in T2DM patients. Protein expression of the FGF receptor dimer (FGFR1 and Ξ²-klotho) and post-receptor signaling pathway-related protein (p-P38) was lower in visceral fat than in subcutaneous fat in patients of T2DM. In conclusion, plasma FGF21 concentrations are higher in patients with T2DM. Plasma FGF21 is positively correlated with ectopic fat accumulation in this disease. FGF21 receptor and post-receptor signaling protein expression is attenuated in visceral fat. Thus, human FGF21 resistance in T2DM could result from downregulation of the FGF21 receptor dimer and post-receptor signaling in ectopic fat accumulation. These findings will help understand the mechanism underlying FGF21 resistance and provide clinical insights that may aid the development of FGF21-based therapeutics in diabetes.μ΄μ†Œμ„± 지방 좕적은 당뇨병, λŒ€μ‚¬ 증후ꡰ, μ‹¬ν˜ˆκ΄€ μ§ˆν™˜κ³Ό 같은 λŒ€μ‚¬ μ•…ν™”μ˜ μ „ν˜•μ μΈ νŠΉμ§•μ΄λ‹€. μ„¬μœ μ•„μ„Έν¬ μ„±μž₯ 인자 21 (Fibroblast growth factor 21, FGF21)은 κ°„μ—μ„œ 주둜 λΆ„λΉ„λ˜μ–΄ 지방 쑰직에 μž‘μš©ν•˜λŠ” μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ λŒ€μ‚¬ 쑰절 물질둜, λ‹ΉλŒ€μ‚¬ 및 μ§€μ§ˆλŒ€μ‚¬μ— μœ λ¦¬ν•œ 효과λ₯Ό κ°–λŠ”λ‹€κ³  μ•Œλ €μ Έ μžˆλ‹€. κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜, 혈μž₯ FGF21λ†λ„λŠ” 제2ν˜• 당뇨병 및 λΉ„λ§Œμ—μ„œ μ—­μ„€μ μœΌλ‘œ μ¦κ°€ν•˜μ—¬, 이 λ¬Όμ§ˆμ— λŒ€ν•œ 저항성이 μ‘΄μž¬ν•¨μ„ μ‹œμ‚¬ν•œλ‹€. 이 μ—°κ΅¬λŠ” 인슐린 저항성이 μžˆλŠ” μ‚¬λžŒμ—μ„œ FGF21 농도와 λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ μœ ν˜•μ˜ μ΄μ†Œμ„± 지방 좕적 κ°„μ˜ 상관관계λ₯Ό μ‘°μ‚¬ν•˜κ³ μž ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. λ˜ν•œ, 이 μ—°κ΅¬μ—μ„œλŠ” μ΄μ†Œμ„± μ§€λ°©μ˜ FGF21 수용체 λ°œν˜„ 및 수용체 ν›„ μ‹ ν˜Έ 전달을 μ‘°μ‚¬ν•˜μ—¬ 제2ν˜• 당뇨병 ν™˜μžμ—μ„œ λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚˜λŠ” FGF21 μ €ν•­μ„±μ˜ 기전을 ν™•μΈν•˜κ³ μž ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. 3 개의 독립적인 μ½”ν˜ΈνŠΈκ°€ μ‘°μ‚¬λ˜μ—ˆλ‹€. μ½”ν˜ΈνŠΈ 1은 κ±΄κ°•κ²€μ§„μ„Όν„°μ—μ„œ 의뒰된 190λͺ…μ˜ ν”Όν—˜μžλ‘œ κ΅¬μ„±λ˜μ—ˆλ‹€. μ˜λ¬΄κΈ°λ‘μ„ 톡해 신체계츑, μž„μƒμ§€ν‘œ 및 λ³‘μš© 약물을 μ‹λ³„ν•˜κ³ , 정상 ν˜ˆλ‹Ήκ΅°, 당뇨병 전단계ꡰ 및 제2ν˜•λ‹Ήλ‡¨λ³‘κ΅°μœΌλ‘œ λ‚˜λˆ„μ–΄ λΆ„μ„ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. 64- 슬라이슀 닀쀑 κ²€μΆœκΈ° 컴퓨터 단측 μ΄¬μ˜μ„ μ΄μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ λΆ€μœ„μ˜ μ§€λ°©λŸ‰ (ν”Όν•˜, λ‚΄μž₯, 심μž₯ 외막, κ°„ λ‚΄ 및 근윑 λ‚΄)을 μΈ‘μ •ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. 그리고 혈μž₯ FGF21 농도λ₯Ό μΈ‘μ •ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. 관상 동λ§₯ 우회 수술 (μ½”ν˜ΈνŠΈ 2) 및 일반적인 볡뢀 수술 (μ½”ν˜ΈνŠΈ 3)을 μ‹œν–‰ν•œ ν”Όν—˜μžλ‘œλΆ€ν„° λ‚΄μž₯ 및 ν”Όν•˜ 지방 쑰직을 μ–»μ—ˆλ‹€. 제2ν˜• 당뇨병ꡰ 및 비당뇨병 λŒ€μ‘°κ΅°μœΌλ‘œ λ‚˜λˆ„μ–΄ 각 지방 μ‘°μ§μ—μ„œμ˜ FGF21 수용체 λ°œν˜„ 및 수용체 ν›„ μ‹ ν˜Έ 전달을 λΆ„μ„ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. 혈μž₯ FGF21 λ†λ„λŠ” μ²΄μ§ˆλŸ‰μ§€μˆ˜, 쀑성지방, HOMA-IR 및 Matsuda μ§€μˆ˜μ™€ μœ μ˜ν•œ 관련성을 λ³΄μ˜€λ‹€. 혈μž₯ FGF21 λ†λ„λŠ” 당뇨병 전단계 및 정상 ν˜ˆλ‹Ήκ΅°μ— λΉ„ν•΄ 제2ν˜• λ‹Ήλ‡¨λ³‘κ΅°μ—μ„œ μœ μ˜ν•˜κ²Œ 더 λ†’μ•˜λ‹€. 제2ν˜• λ‹Ήλ‡¨λ³‘μ˜ μ΄μ†Œμ„± 지방 좕적 (λ‚΄μž₯, 심μž₯ 외막, κ°„ λ‚΄ 및 근윑 λ‚΄)은 정상 ν˜ˆλ‹Ήκ΅°λ³΄λ‹€ μœ μ˜ν•˜κ²Œ 더 λ†’μ•˜λ‹€. 제2ν˜• λ‹Ήλ‡¨λ³‘κ΅°μ—μ„œ 혈μž₯ FGF21 λ†λ„λŠ” μ΄μ†Œμ„± 지방 좕적과 κ°•ν•œ μ–‘μ˜ 상관 관계λ₯Ό λ³΄μ˜€λ‹€. FGF 수용체 μ΄λŸ‰μ²΄ (FGFR1와 Ξ²-klotho) 및 수용체-ν›„ μ‹ ν˜Έ 전달 경둜 κ΄€λ ¨ λ‹¨λ°±μ§ˆ (p-P38)의 λ°œν˜„μ€ 비당뇨병 λŒ€μ‘°κ΅°μ—μ„œλŠ” λ‚΄μž₯지방과 ν”Όν•˜μ§€λ°© 쑰직 κ°„μ˜ 차이가 μ—†μ—ˆμ§€λ§Œ, 제2ν˜• λ‹Ήλ‡¨λ³‘κ΅°μ—μ„œλŠ” ν”Όν•˜ 지방보닀 λ‚΄μž₯ μ§€λ°©μ—μ„œ μœ μ˜ν•œ κ°μ†Œλ₯Ό λ³΄μ˜€λ‹€. 결둠적으둜, 혈μž₯ FGF21 λ†λ„λŠ” 제2ν˜• 당뇨병 ν™˜μžμ—μ„œ 더 λ†’λ‹€. λ˜ν•œ, 혈μž₯ FGF21은 제2ν˜• λ‹Ήλ‡¨λ³‘μ—μ„œ μ΄μ†Œμ„± 지방 좕적과 μ–‘μ˜ 상관관계λ₯Ό 가지고 있으며, λ‚΄μž₯ μ§€λ°©μ—μ„œ FGF21 μ‹ ν˜Έμ „λ‹¬κ³Όμ •μ€ μ•½ν™”λœλ‹€. λ”°λΌμ„œ, 제2ν˜• λ‹Ήλ‡¨λ³‘μ—μ„œ FGF21 저항성은 μ΄μ†Œμ„± μ§€λ°©μ—μ„œμ˜ FGF21 수용체 μ΄λŸ‰μ²΄ 및 수용체 ν›„ μ‹ ν˜Έμ „λ‹¬μ˜ ν•˜ν–₯μ‘°μ ˆμ— μ˜ν•œ 결과일 수 μžˆλ‹€. λ³Έ μ—°κ΅¬λŠ” FGF21 저항성을 μΌμœΌν‚€λŠ” 기전을 μ΄ν•΄ν•˜κ³  FGF21을 μ΄μš©ν•œ 치료의 κ°œλ°œμ— μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ μ‹œκ°μ„ μ œμ‹œν•˜μ˜€λ‹€.1. Introduction 1 2. Subjects and methods 6 3. Results 16 4. Discussion 35 5. Reference 44 6. Abstract (Korean) 51Docto

    (A)Study on language of teaching : metalanguage in heterogenous beginner-level Korean classroom

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    ν•™μœ„λ…Όλ¬Έ(석사)--μ„œμšΈλŒ€ν•™κ΅ λŒ€ν•™μ› :κ΅­μ–΄κ΅μœ‘κ³Ό ν•œκ΅­μ–΄κ΅μœ‘μ „κ³΅,2005.Maste

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    Thesis (master`s)--μ„œμšΈλŒ€ν•™κ΅ λŒ€ν•™μ› :전기·컴퓨터곡학뢀,2003.Maste

    ν•œκ΅­μ–΄ ν•™μŠ΅μžλ₯Ό μœ„ν•œ ν•™λ¬Έ λͺ©μ  λ°œν‘œ ꡐ윑 연ꡬ

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    ν•™μœ„λ…Όλ¬Έ (박사)-- μ„œμšΈλŒ€ν•™κ΅ λŒ€ν•™μ› : κ΅­μ–΄κ΅μœ‘κ³Ό(ν•œκ΅­μ–΄κ΅μœ‘μ „κ³΅), 2014. 2. 민병곀.이 μ—°κ΅¬λŠ” μ œμ΄μ–Έμ–΄λ‘œμ„œ ν•œκ΅­μ–΄λ₯Ό μ‚¬μš©ν•˜λŠ” ν•™λΆ€ κ³Όμ • ν•œκ΅­μ–΄ ν•™μŠ΅μžλ₯Ό μœ„ν•΄ ν•™λ¬Έ λͺ©μ  λ°œν‘œ μž₯λ₯΄μ˜ λ³Έμ§ˆμ„ λ°˜μ˜ν•˜μ—¬ ꡐ윑 λ‚΄μš©κ³Ό 방법을 κ΅¬μ•ˆν•˜λŠ” 데 λͺ©μ μ„ λ‘”λ‹€. 이λ₯Ό μœ„ν•΄ λ¨Όμ € ν•™λ¬Έ λͺ©μ  λ°œν‘œ μž₯λ₯΄μ˜ λ³Έμ§ˆμ„ 규λͺ…ν•  ν•„μš”κ°€ μžˆμ—ˆλ‹€. μ΄λ“€μ˜ ν•™λ¬Έ λͺ©μ  λ°œν‘œλŠ” λ™λ£Œ ν•™μŠ΅μžλ“€μ„ μƒλŒ€λ‘œ 곡식적 λ§ν•˜κΈ°λ₯Ό μˆ˜ν–‰ν•˜λŠ” λ‹¨μˆœν•œ ꡬ어 ν–‰μœ„κ°€ μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ ν•™λ¬Έ κ³΅λ™μ²΄μ˜ 일원인 λ°œν‘œμžκ°€ 청쀑을 λŒ€μƒμœΌλ‘œ 지식과 정보λ₯Ό μ „λ‹¬ν•¨μœΌλ‘œμ¨ 개인적 μΈ‘λ©΄μ—μ„œλŠ” 개인적 μ„±μž₯κ³Ό λΉ„νŒμ  사고λ ₯ 함양, λ‹΄ν™” 곡동체 μ°¨μ›μ—μ„œλŠ” 지식을 κ΅¬μ„±ν•˜κ³  μ°½μ‘°ν•˜λŠ” μ–Έμ–΄ ν–‰μœ„λΌλŠ” 의의λ₯Ό κ°–λŠ”λ‹€. μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ ν•™λ¬Έ λͺ©μ  λ°œν‘œμ˜ μ˜μ˜μ™€ νŠΉμˆ˜μ„±μ—λ„ λΆˆκ΅¬ν•˜κ³  이에 λŒ€ν•œ κ΅μœ‘μ€ μ†Œν™€νžˆ 닀루어져 μ™”λ‹€. 그리고 μ œμ΄μ–Έμ–΄λ‘œμ„œμ˜ ν•™λ¬Έ λͺ©μ  ν•œκ΅­μ–΄, ν•™λ¬Έ λͺ©μ  λ°œν‘œμ˜ 지식 μ°½μΆœμ„ μœ„ν•œ ꢁ극적인 λͺ©μ , λ°œν‘œκ°€ μ΄λ£¨μ–΄μ§€λŠ” ꡐ수-ν•™μŠ΅μ˜ λ§₯락, κ΅μˆ˜μžμ™€ λ™λ£Œ ν•™μŠ΅μžλ‘œ κ΅¬μ„±λœ μ²­μ€‘μ˜ ν•™λ¬Έ λ‹΄ν™” 곡동체적 성격 등을 κ΅μœ‘μ— μˆ˜μš©ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄μ„œλŠ” μž₯λ₯΄μ  μ ‘κ·Όμ˜ ν•„μš”μ„±κ³Ό 타당성을 ν™•μΈν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. 이λ₯Ό λ°”νƒ•μœΌλ‘œ ν•™λ¬Έ λͺ©μ  λ°œν‘œ μž₯λ₯΄μ˜ κ°œλ…κ³Ό μš”μ†Œ 그리고 ν•„μš”ν•œ λŠ₯λ ₯을 μ •λ¦½ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. λ‹€μŒμœΌλ‘œ ν•™λΆ€ κ³Όμ • ν•œκ΅­μ–΄ ν•™μŠ΅μžλ“€μ΄ μˆ˜ν–‰ν•œ λ°œν‘œ λ‚΄μš©κ³Ό ν‘œν˜„μ˜ 양상을 λΆ„μ„ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. λ°œν‘œ 양상과 λ°°κ²½ μš”μΈμ˜ 관련성을 μ„€λͺ…ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•˜μ—¬ μœ μ˜λ―Έν•œ 사둀듀을 μ„ μ •ν•œ ν›„, 이듀을 μ€‘μ μ μœΌλ‘œ λΆ„μ„ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. μ‚¬λ‘€λŠ” μˆ˜μ€€μ— 따라 기초, 보톡, 우수 μˆ˜μ€€μœΌλ‘œ λ‚˜λˆ„κ³ , 보톡 μˆ˜μ€€μ€ λ‚΄μš©μ§€ν–₯ν˜•, ν‘œν˜„μ§€ν–₯ν˜•, λ‚΄μš©Β·ν‘œν˜„κ· λ“±ν˜•μœΌλ‘œ μœ ν˜•ν™”ν•˜μ—¬ μ„ μ •ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. 뢄석 틀은 ν•™λ¬Έ λͺ©μ  λ°œν‘œμ˜ λ‚΄μš©μ μΈ μΈ‘λ©΄κ³Ό ν‘œν˜„μ μΈ 츑면을 μ’…ν•©μ μœΌλ‘œ κ³ μ°°ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•˜μ—¬ λ°œν™”λ‹¨μœ„, λ‹¨μœ„ν™”μ œ, λ‹΄ν™”λ₯Ό 뢄석 λ‹¨μœ„λ‘œ ν•˜μ—¬ λ‹΄ν™” μΈ΅μœ„, μ–΄νœ˜ 및 문법 μΈ΅μœ„, 음운 및 μŒμ„± μΈ΅μœ„μ— λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚œ 양상을 λΆ„μ„ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. λ‹΄ν™” μΈ΅μœ„μ—μ„œλŠ” 톡일성을, μ–΄νœ˜ 및 문법 μΈ΅μœ„μ—μ„œλŠ” μ •ν™•μ„±, λ‹€μ–‘μ„±, μ μ ˆμ„±μ„, 음운 및 μŒμ„± μΈ΅μœ„μ—μ„œλŠ” μ •ν™•μ„±κ³Ό μœ μ°½μ„±μ„ κΈ°μ€€μœΌλ‘œ λ³΄μ•˜λ‹€. 그리고 μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ λ°œν‘œ 양상에 영ν–₯을 미친 λ°°κ²½ μš”μΈμ€ λ°œν‘œ λ…Ήν™” 및 λ…Ήμ·¨ 자료, λ°œν‘œ 보쑰 자료, λ³΄κ³ μ„œ, 이듀이 ν•™μŠ΅ν•œ ν•œκ΅­μ–΄ ꡐ재, 심측 면담을 톡해 λΆ„μ„ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. 뢄석 κ²°κ³Ό, ν•™μŠ΅μž λͺ¨μ–΄μ˜ ꡬ쑰, μ–΄νœ˜, 문법, 음운, 발음 λ“±μœΌλ‘œλΆ€ν„° μ•ΌκΈ°λœ 언어적 μš”μΈ, 주제 μ„ μ •, λͺ©ν‘œ μ„€μ •, 청쀑 뢄석, 자료 μˆ˜μ§‘, λ‚΄μš© 쑰직, 보쑰 자료 μž‘μ„± λ“± λ°œν‘œλ₯Ό μ€€λΉ„ν•˜λŠ” κ³Όμ •μ—μ„œ λ“œλŸ¬λ‚˜λŠ” 인지적 μš”μΈ, μžμ•„ κ°œλ…, ν•™μŠ΅ 동기, λ°œν‘œ λΆˆμ•ˆ λ“± ν•™μŠ΅μžκ°€ λ‚΄μ μœΌλ‘œ μ§€λ‹Œ μ •μ˜μ  μš”μΈ 그리고 ν•œκ΅­μ–΄ ꡐ재, ꡐ사, μžκ΅­μ–΄ ꡐ윑 및 μ™Έκ΅­μ–΄ κ΅μœ‘μ—μ„œμ˜ λ°œν‘œμ™€ λ°œν‘œ ꡐ윑의 κ²½ν—˜μœΌλ‘œλΆ€ν„° κΈ°μΈν•˜λŠ” μ‚¬νšŒΒ·λ¬Έν™”μ  μš”μΈμ΄ ν•™λΆ€ κ³Όμ • ν•œκ΅­μ–΄ ν•™μŠ΅μžμ˜ λ°œν‘œμ— 영ν–₯을 미친 κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚¬λ‹€. μƒκΈ°μ˜ ν•™λΆ€ κ³Όμ • ν•œκ΅­μ–΄ ν•™μŠ΅μž λ°œν‘œ 양상 및 λ°°κ²½ μš”μΈ 뢄석 결과에 κ·Όκ±°ν•˜μ—¬ ꡐ윑의 λͺ©ν‘œ, λ‚΄μš©, 방법을 μ„€κ³„ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. ν•™λ¬Έ λͺ©μ  λ°œν‘œ μž₯λ₯΄μ˜ λ³Έμ§ˆμ„ μ΄ν•΄ν•˜κ³  ꡬ쑰와 λ‚΄μš©μ„ μƒμ„±ν•˜λ©° μ μ ˆν•˜κ³  λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ ν‘œν˜„μ„ μ‚¬μš©ν•˜κ³  λͺ…λ£Œν•˜κ³  μœ μ°½ν•˜κ²Œ μ „λ‹¬ν•˜λŠ” 것을 ꡐ윑 λͺ©ν‘œλ‘œ ν•˜κ³ , μ΄λ‘œλΆ€ν„° ꡐ윑 λ‚΄μš© μ˜μ—­μ„ ν•™λ¬Έ λͺ©μ  본질의 이해, λ‚΄μš© 생성, λ‚΄μš© 쑰직, ν‘œν˜„, νƒœλ„λ‘œ μ„€μ •ν•˜κ³  κ·Έ λ‚΄μš© μš”μ†Œλ₯Ό μƒμ„Έν™”ν•œ ν›„, ν•™μŠ΅μžμ˜ κ°œλ³„μ μΈ μˆ˜μ€€κ³Ό νŠΉμ„±μ„ λ°˜μ˜ν•˜λ„λ‘ 곡톡 κΈ°λ³Έ μˆ˜μ—…κ³Ό κ°œλ³„ 지도 λ°©μ•ˆμ„ κ³ μ•ˆν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. 곡톡 κΈ°λ³Έ μˆ˜μ—…μ€ 참여와 ν˜‘λ ₯ 원리에 κΈ°λ°˜ν•œ μ˜ˆλΉ„ λ°œν‘œβ†’λͺ¨λ²” 사둀 λ°œν‘œ κ²½ν—˜β†’μž¬λ°œν‘œβ†’ν† μ˜μ˜ λ‹¨κ³„λ‘œ μ§„ν–‰ν•˜λŠ”λ° ν•™μŠ΅μžλ“€μ΄ μžμ‹ μ˜ λ°œν‘œλ₯Ό λ™λ£Œ ν•™μŠ΅μžμ˜ λ°œν‘œ, λͺ¨λ²” 사둀와 견주어 λ΄„μœΌλ‘œμ¨ ν•™λ¬Έ λͺ©μ  λ°œν‘œ μž₯λ₯΄μ˜ 속성을 μžμ—°μŠ€λŸ½κ²Œ μ΄ν•΄ν•˜λ„λ‘ κ΅¬μ„±ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. 이외에 μ œμ‹œλœ ν˜•μ‹ ꡬ쑰 μ§€λ„λŠ” 기초 μˆ˜μ€€ ν•™μŠ΅μžλ₯Ό, 사고도ꡬ어 μ§€λ„λŠ” 보톡 μˆ˜μ€€ ν•™μŠ΅μžλ₯Ό, μœ μ°½μ„± ν›ˆλ ¨μ€ 보톡 μˆ˜μ€€μ˜ ν‘œν˜„ 지ν–₯ν˜• ν•™μŠ΅μžλ₯Ό λŒ€μƒμœΌλ‘œ μ„€κ³„ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€.μ°¨ λ‘€ I. μ„œλ‘  1 1. μ—°κ΅¬μ˜ ν•„μš”μ„± 및 λͺ©μ  1 2. 연ꡬ사 5 3. 연ꡬ 방법 및 λŒ€μƒ 11 II. ν•™λ¬Έ λͺ©μ  λ°œν‘œ ꡐ윑의 λ°°κ²½ 15 1. ν•™λ¬Έ λͺ©μ  λ°œν‘œ κ΅μœ‘μ„ μœ„ν•œ μ „μ œ 15 1) ν•™λ¬Έ λͺ©μ  ν•œκ΅­μ–΄μ˜ μ œμ΄μ–Έμ–΄μ  성격 15 2) ν•™λ¬Έ λͺ©μ  λ°œν‘œ κ΄€λ ¨ 이둠 κ³ μ°° 18 3) ν•™λ¬Έ λͺ©μ  λ°œν‘œμ— λŒ€ν•œ μž₯λ₯΄μ  μ ‘κ·Ό 24 2. ν•™λ¬Έ λͺ©μ  λ°œν‘œ μž₯λ₯΄μ˜ 본질 29 1) ν•™λ¬Έ λͺ©μ  λ°œν‘œ μž₯λ₯΄μ˜ κ°œλ… 29 2) ν•™λ¬Έ λͺ©μ  λ°œν‘œ μž₯λ₯΄μ˜ μš”μ†Œ 31 3) ν•™λ¬Έ λͺ©μ  λ°œν‘œ λŠ₯λ ₯의 ꡬ성 34 III. ν•œκ΅­μ–΄ ν•™μŠ΅μžμ˜ ν•™λ¬Έ λͺ©μ  λ°œν‘œ 양상 뢄석 46 1. ν•™λ¬Έ λͺ©μ  λ°œν‘œ 사둀 뢄석 방법 46 1) 사둀 μ„ μ • 절차 46 2) 뢄석 ν‹€ 60 2. λ‹΄ν™” μΈ΅μœ„μ˜ 양상 67 1) ν˜•μ‹ ꡬ쑰 67 2) 주제 μ „κ°œ 방식 72 3) λ‹¨μœ„ν™”μ œ κ°„ 의미 ꡬ쑰 75 4) λ‹¨μœ„ν™”μ œ λ‚΄ λ‚΄μš© ꡬ성 81 3. μ–΄νœ˜ 및 문법 μΈ΅μœ„μ˜ 양상 87 1) 기초 μ–΄νœ˜μ˜ μ‚¬μš© 87 2) μ‚¬κ³ λ„κ΅¬μ–΄μ˜ μ‚¬μš© 90 3) 문법적 였λ₯˜ 95 4. 음운 및 μŒμ„± μΈ΅μœ„μ˜ 양상 102 1) λΆ„μ ˆμŒ 102 2) λ°œν™” 속도 104 3) νœ΄μ§€ 107 4) 말더듬 111 IV. ν•™λ¬Έ λͺ©μ  λ°œν‘œμ˜ λ°°κ²½ μš”μΈ 뢄석 120 1. 언어적 μš”μΈ 121 1) μ–Έμ–΄ ꡬ쑰 121 2) μ–΄νœ˜ 및 문법 122 3) 음운 및 μŒμ„± 124 2. 인지적 μš”μΈ 126 1) 주제 μ„ μ • 128 2) λͺ©ν‘œ μ„€μ • 131 3) 청쀑 뢄석 136 4) 자료 μˆ˜μ§‘ 141 5) λ‚΄μš© 쑰직 144 6) 보쑰 자료 147 3. μ •μ˜μ  μš”μΈ 153 1) μžμ•„ κ°œλ… 153 2) ν•™μŠ΅ 동기 155 3) λ°œν‘œ λΆˆμ•ˆ 158 4. μ‚¬νšŒΒ·λ¬Έν™”μ  μš”μΈ 164 1) ν•œκ΅­μ–΄ ꡐ재 164 2) ν•œκ΅­μ–΄ ꡐ·강사 172 3) μžκ΅­μ–΄ ꡐ윑 176 4) μ™Έκ΅­μ–΄ ꡐ윑 180 V. ν•™λ¬Έ λͺ©μ  λ°œν‘œ ꡐ윑의 섀계 183 1. ν•™λ¬Έ λͺ©μ  λ°œν‘œ ꡐ윑의 λͺ©ν‘œ 183 2. ν•™λ¬Έ λͺ©μ  λ°œν‘œ ꡐ윑의 λ‚΄μš© 187 1) ν•™λ¬Έ λͺ©μ  λ°œν‘œ ꡐ윑 λ‚΄μš©μ˜ ꡬ쑰 187 2) ν•™λ¬Έ λͺ©μ  λ°œν‘œ ꡐ윑 λ‚΄μš©μ˜ 상세화 190 3. ν•™λ¬Έ λͺ©μ  λ°œν‘œ ꡐ수-ν•™μŠ΅ λ°©μ•ˆ 208 1) 곡톡 κΈ°λ³Έ μˆ˜μ—… 210 2) ν•™λ¬Έ λͺ©μ  λ°œν‘œμ˜ ν˜•μ‹ ꡬ쑰 지도 218 3) ν•™λ¬Έ λͺ©μ  λ°œν‘œλ₯Ό μœ„ν•œ 사고도ꡬ어 지도 222 4) ν•™λ¬Έ λͺ©μ  λ°œν‘œλ₯Ό μœ„ν•œ μœ μ°½μ„± ν›ˆλ ¨ 224 VI. κ²°λ‘  229 μ°Έκ³  λ¬Έν—Œ 235 κ΅­λ‚΄ λ…Όμ € 235 κ΅­μ™Έ λ…Όμ € 246 Abstract 254Docto

    Analysis of Ectopic Fat Accumulation according to the Different Glucose Metabolism and Its Correlation with Plasma Fibroblast Growth Factor-21 in Human

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    ν•™μœ„λ…Όλ¬Έ (석사)-- μ„œμšΈλŒ€ν•™κ΅ λŒ€ν•™μ› : μ˜ν•™κ³Ό, 2012. 2. μ΅œμ„±ν¬.Ectopic fat accumulation is known to be correlated with many metabolic disorders like insulin resistance, obesity, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes. It has been studied that ectopic fat accumulation is associated with adiponectin and resistin. We wanted to investigate the association between ectopic fat and new metabolic regulators such as fibroblast growth factor-21 (FGF-21) and adipose triglycerol lipase (ATGL). Furthermore, we wanted to analyze whether these regulators are associated with glucose metabolism and/or coronary artery disease. Subjects who underwent multi-detector CT were enrolled in this study from Seoul National University Bundang Hospital. Pericardial fat volume, visceral fat area, intramyocellular fat (low density muscle area), and hepatic fat (liver-spleen Hounsfield units (HU) difference) were measured by a dedicated software program (Rapidia 2.8, Infinitt). Coronary artery stenosis and the plaque characteristics were measured. Plasma FGF-21, high molecular weight (HMW) adiponectin, and ATGL were measured from fasting plasma sample by ELISA. A total of 190 subjects were enrolled in the study. Plasma FGF-21 was significantly increased with pericardial fat volume in total subjects (r=0.190, p= 0.018). In subgroup analysis with T2DM, plasma FGF-21 showed a significant correlation with all ectopic fat; pericardial fat, r=0.336, p=0.004; visceral fat, r=0.240, p=0.046; low density muscle area/normal density muscle area, r=0.282, p=0.017; liver-spleen HU difference, r=-0.308, p=0.028. Plasma HMW adiponectin level was positively correlated to subcutaneous fat (p<0.05) but was not correlated with ectopic fat accumulation. There were 48 (25%) normal glucose tolerance (NGT), 53 (28%) prediabetes, and 89 (47%) type 2 diabetes (T2DM). Ectopic fat accumulation was higher in T2DM and prediabetes than NGT (pericardial, visceral, intramyocellular fat; p<0.05, hepatic fat; p=0.059). All ectopic fat were significantly associated with HOMA-IR (p<0.001). Pericardial fat and visceral fat were significantly associated with insulin resistance independently of age and BMI (p<0.05). Coronary artery disease was associated with plasma HMW adiponectin after adjusting for age, BMI and diabetes, but there were no associations with other plasma markers. T2DM had significantly higher plasma levels of FGF-21 and lower levels of HMW adiponectin than NGT (p<0.05). Plasma levels of ATGL were not significantly different (p=0.185). Pericardial fat and intramyocellular fat were significantly associated with coronary artery stenosis and calcium score (p<0.05). In conclusion, plasma FGF-21 level correlated positively with ectopic fat as well as glucose level. These results indicate that FGF-21 could be a useful biomarker predicting ectopic fat accumulations.Maste
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