106 research outputs found
Development of novel cell-internalizing peptides using in vivo intermolecular conjugation as an avenue for enhancing the effect of anti-angiogenic therapy on tumors
íìë
Œë¬ž(ë°ì¬)--ììžëíêµ ëíì :ìµí©ê³Œíêž°ì ëíì ìµí©ê³Œíë¶,2019. 8. ê¹ìì.Targeted cancer therapy (TCT) is distinct from other medical modalities, such as traditional chemotherapy, surgery, and external radiation therapy, as it targets cancer cells expressing specific biomarkers. Recently, there have been several approaches for TCT such as targeted chemotherapy, radionuclide therapy, and photodynamic therapy which are preferring to minimize normal cell damage against tumor cells. As an ideal agent for TCT, small molecule, peptide or protein has to contain high binding property to tumor-specific biomarker, low non-selective distribution in normal organs, and long uptake in tumor cells including cell-internalization. In this study, we designed an in vivo intermolecular click reaction, which is named as 'Duet Bioorthogonal Clasp (DBC)', between different peptides that had situated in same tumor-specific receptors, after the respective injecting in tumor animal model. This strategy means that the strong and tight receptor cluster via in vivo click reaction induces endocytosis of the mixture of receptors and peptides into tumor cells and then results significant improvement of the tumor uptake of peptide as well as therapeutic effect. Therefore, integrin αvβ3 receptor and cyclic RGD analog peptide are selected as a tumor-specific biomarker related with angiogenesis and a molecule with high binding affinity to integrins, respectively. In addition, the RGD analog peptide was prepared to measure its biodistribution as well as single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) imaging study through the corresponding of a radioisotope (123I or 125I).
The result showed that the two different RGD peptides bound to the integrin αvβ3 receptors were significantly moved to into tumor cells, by using Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) microscopy. In the SPECT imaging experiment using the radioiodine-labeled RGD peptide, DBC maintained 81% of tumor uptake 2 h post-injection compared to its initial uptake (vs. control tumor uptake was remained 39% at the same time point). After 24 h postinjection, 60% of tumor uptake still observed.
In conclusion, DBC is demonstrated that it can generate the strong cluster between integrin receptors near cancer cells which induce cancer cell internalization. These results suggest that this methode can pave the way to various successful application of a therapeutic molecules or radioisotope capable of cell-internalization for TCTs.ì¢
ì íì ì¹ë£ë êž°ì¡Žì íìì , ìì ì ì ê·Œ ëë ìžë¶ ë°©ì¬ì ì¡°ì¬ë¥Œ ìŽì©í ë°©ë²ê³Œë ë¬ëŠ¬ ì¢
ìì í¹ìŽì íì±ì êŽì¬íë ë°ìŽì€ë§ì»€ë§ì íì ìŒë¡ íë ì¹ë£ ë°©ë²ìŽë€. íì¬ê¹ì§ ìë €ì§ ì¢
ì íì ì¹ë£ ë°©ë²ìŒë¡ë íì íìì ì¹ë£, ë°©ì¬ì±ëììì ì¹ë£, êŽìí ì¹ë£ ê°ì ë°©ë²ìŽ ììŒë©° 몚ë ì¢
ììží¬ì ì¬ë©žê³Œ íšê» ì ì ìží¬ì ììì ìµìííë 목ì ì ì§ëê³ ìë€. ìŽ ì¹ë£ì ì¬ì©ëë ìœë¬ŒìŽë í©í°ë ëë ëšë°±ì§ì ì¢
ì í¹ìŽ ë°ìŽì€ë§ì»€ì ëì ê²°í©ë¥ê³Œ ì ì ì¥êž°ìë ë®ì ë¶í¬ ê·žëŠ¬ê³ ì¢
ìì ëì 뚞묎ëŠì ê°ì žìŒ íë©°, ì¢
ììží¬ ëŽë¡ ìží¬ ëŽì¬í(internalization)ê° ì구ëë€.
볞 ì°êµ¬ììë ì¢
ìì ë°íëë íëì í¹ìŽì ìì©ì²Žë¥Œ íì íë ìë¡ ë€ë¥ž í©í°ë륌 ìì°šì ìŒë¡ 죌ì
í, ìì©ì²Žì ê²°í©ë í©í°ëë€ ê°ì ì²ŽëŽ ë¶ì ê° ê²°í© ë°ìì ì ëíë ë°©ë²(Duet Bioorthogonal Clasp)ì ê³ ìíìë€. ìŽ ë°©ë²ì ì¢
ì 죌ë³ì ë¶í¬íë ìì©ì²Žì ì늬 ì¡ì í©í°ë ê°ì ì²ŽëŽ ë¶ì ê° ê²°í©ìŒë¡ ìì©ì²Žë€ ì¬ìŽì ë³µí©ê²°í©ì²Ž(cluster)륌 íì±ìí€ê³ êž°ì¡Žì íì ìì©ì²Žì í©í°ë íŒí©ì²Žê° ì¢
ì ìží¬ ëŽë¶ë¡ ìŽëëë íì(endocytosis)ì ì ëíì¬ ì£Œì
í í©í°ëì ì¢
ììží¬ ëŽ ëšžë¬ŽëŠì ìŠì§ììŒ íì ì¹ë£ íšê³Œë¥Œ í¥ììí€ë 목ì ìŽ ìë€. ìŽë¥Œ ìíŽ ì¢
ì í¹ìŽ ë°ìŽì€ë§ì»€ë¡ ì¢
ì ì ìíêŽìì±ì ì°êŽëìŽìê³ ì¢
ì ê·Œì² íêŽì ì¡Žì¬íë ìží
귞늰 αvβ3 ìì©ì²Žë¥Œ ì ííìê³ ìŽì ëì ê²°í©ë ¥ì ê°ë RGD í©í°ëë€ì 늬ê°ëë¡ í©ì±íìë€. ìë¡ ë€ë¥ž ë í©í°ëì ì²Žìž ì¢
ì ìží¬ìì ìŽë ë° ë¶í¬ë¥Œ íìžíê³ ì íêŽìììŽ ê°ë¥í íêŽ ìŒë£ (FITC ëë TRITC)ê° ëì
ë RGD í©í°ë륌 í©ì±íììŒë©°, ì²ŽëŽ ì¢
ììì ë¶í¬ë¥Œ íìžíê³ ì ëšìŒêŽì ìëšìžµìŽ¬ì(SPECT) ìì íëì ìíŽ í©í°ë ìêž°ì íìŽë¡ì ì ë°©ì¬ì±ëììì(123I ëë 125I)륌 íì§íìë€.
ìë¡ ê³ ìí ë°©ë²ìž ë ê°ì ìë¡ ë€ë¥ž RGD í©í°ëë¡ ì²ŽëŽ ë¶ì ê° ê²°í©ì ì ë íìì ë, ì¢
ì ìží¬ ëŽë¡ ìŽëíë ì ëê° í격í ìŠê°ëšì FRET íêŽ ììë¶ìì íµíŽ íìžíìë€. ë°©ì¬ì±ìì€ëê° ëì
ë RGD í©í°ë륌 ìŽì©í ì²ŽëŽ SPECT/CT ììììë íëì RGD í©í°ëë 2ìê° í ì¢
ìì 39%ê° ëšììë ê²ì ë¹íŽ, 볞 ì°êµ¬ì ë°©ë²ì 81%ë¡ ì¢
ì ìì·šê° ëšì ììì íìžíììŒë©° 24 ìê° ëììë 60%ì ì¢
ì ìì·šê° ì ì§ëê³ ììì íìžíìë€.
볞 ì°êµ¬ìì ì¢
ì íì ì¹ë£ë¥Œ ìíŽ ê³ ìë ë°©ë²ì ì¢
ì ê·Œì²ì ìì©ì²Ž ê° ë³µí©ê²°í©ì²Žë¥Œ íì±ì ëì 늬ê°ëì ì¢
ì ìží¬ ëŽì¬í ìŽì§ì ì ëíë ë°©ë²ìì íìžíììŒë©° í¥íì ì¢
ìì ë°©ì¬ì±ëìììì¹ë£ ë° íììœë¬Œ ì ë¬ ë°©ë²ê³Œ ê°ì ë€ìí ì¢
ìíì ì¹ë£ì ìŽì©ìŽ íëë ê²ìŒë¡ êž°ëíë€.INTRODUCTION 1
1. Targeted Cancer Therapies (TCTs) 1
2. Tumor-induced Angiogenesis 2
3. Integrin-binding Peptides for Tumor Imaging 4
4. In Vivo Intermolecular Conjugation 10
5. Aim of This Study 12
MATERIALS & METHODS 14
1. General Experimental Section 14
2. Synthesis of RGD Peptides 16
3. Fluorescent Dyes Conjugation of RGD Peptides 26
4. Radioiodo-labeling of RGD Peptides 30
5. In Vitro Evaluation of RGD Peptides 32
6. Ex/In vivo evaluation of RGD Peptides 35
RESULTS 37
1. Preparation of RGD Peptides 37
2. Fluorescent Dye Conjugated RGD Peptides 41
3. Radioiodo-labeled RGD Peptides 41
4. In Vitro Experimental Results 44
5. Ex Vivo and In Vivo Experiments 58
DISCUSSION 72
CONCLUSION 74
APPENDIX 75
REFERENCES 78Docto
Past sea surface temperature of the western part of the East Sea since the last interglacial period
ìŽ ë
Œë¬žì 목ì ì ì§ë 130,000ë
ëì ëíŽì íŽì í겜ì ë³í륌 ì¬ê±Žíë ê²ìŽë€. íŽì í겜 ë³íì ì¬ê±Žì ìíŽ ëíŽì ì쪜 ê°ì¥ì늬(margin)ìì ì±ì·š í ìž ê°ì íŒì€í€ ìœìŽ (05PC-14, 05PC-15, 05PC-23)ìì C37 ììŒë
Œ ëë륌 ìž¡ì íê³ , ìŽë¡ë¶í° 곌거 ëíŽììì íìžµììšì ê³ì°íìë€. íìžµììšì UK'37 = 0.034T + 0.039 (Prahl et al., 1988)ì ìŽì©íì¬ ê³ì°íìë€. ê° ìœìŽì ì°ëê²°ì ì ìŽë¯ž ì°ë륌 ìê³ ìë ë€ë¥ž íŒì€í€ ìœìŽ (05PC-21, MD01-2407)ìì L*(lightness) ê°ì ë¹êµë¥Œ íµíŽ ìŽë£šìŽì¡ë€. UK'37ìŒë¡ ê³ì°ë íìžµììšì 130,000ë
ëì í¬ê² ë³ëíë ê²ì 볌 ì ììë€. Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 5 (71,000 ~ 130,000ë
ì )ë ì§ë ë§ì§ë§ ê°ë¹êž°ì íŽë¹íë ìêž°ìŽë€. MIS 5ëì ê° ìœìŽë³ë¡ íìžµ ììšì ë³í륌 ìŽíŽë³Žë©Ž, 05PC-14ììë MIS 5aëì 16.6âìì 12.8âë¡ ììšìŽ ê°ìíìë€. 05PC-15ììë MIS 5eìì ìµê³ ê° 23.3â, MIS 5aìì ìµìê° 13.8â륌 볎ìê³ , 05PC-23ììë MIS 5eìì 25.8âì ìµê³ ê°, MIS 5aìì 9.6âì ìµìê°ì ëíëë€. MIS 4 (57,000-71,000ë
ì )ì MIS 3 (29,000-57,000ë
ì )ë ë¹íêž°ì íŽë¹íë€. MIS 4ëìì ëíŽì íìžµ ììš ë³íë, 05PC-14ììë 10.6-12.7â, 05PC-15ììë 12.4-14.9â, 05PC-23ììë 9.5-14âë¡ ëªšë 15âìŽíì ë®ì ììš ê°ì 볎ìë€. MIS 3ëì íìžµ ììš ë³íë, 05PC-14ììë 8.5-15.7âë¡ ë¹êµì ë®ì ììš ë¶í¬ë¥Œ 볎ìë€. ìŽì ë°íŽ 05PC-15ììë 15.1-27.4â, 05PC-23ììë 14.9-25.7âë¡ ë ìœìŽììë ê°ë¹êž°ì íŽë¹íë MIS 5a ëìì íìžµ ììšë³Žë€ ëì ê°ì 볎ìë€. MIS 2 (15,000-29,000ë
ì )ë ì§ë ë§ì§ë§ ë¹íêž°ì íŽë¹íë€. MIS 2 ì êž°ì ì€êž°ëììë ììŒë
Œ ëëê° ë®ìì ììšì ê³ì° í ì ììë€. MIS 2 íêž°ìë 05PC-14ììë 13.8-16â, 05PC-15ììë 13-25.4â, 05PC-23ììë 12.5-18.2âì ììšë¶í¬ë¥Œ 볎ìë€. ìŽ ìêž° ëìì íìžµ ììšì ë¹íêž°ì íŽë¹íšìë ë¶êµ¬íê³ ìž ìœì 몚ë ê°ë¹êž°ìž MIS 5a ëìì íìžµ ììšë³Žë€ ëì ê°ì 볎ìë€. MIS 1 (0-15,000ë
ì )ë ê°ë¹êž°ì íŽë¹íë€. MIS 1 ëìì ëíŽ íìžµ ììšì ë³íë, 05PC-14ììë 15.1-19.4â, 05PC-15ììë 15.1-21.6â, 05PC-23ììë 15.7-17.6âë¡ ëíë¬ë€.
ëíŽììì íìžµ ììš ë³íë ììì 몬ìì ë³íì íŽìë©Ž ë³ëì ë°ë¥ž ì°ìë§ íŽë¥ ì ì
ì ë³íì ë°ì í êŽê³ê° ìë€. MIS 5ëììë MIS 5eìì MIS 5aë¡ ê°ìë¡ ììšìŽ ììí ê°ìíë 겜í¥ì 볎ìë€. MIS 5aì 5b ëìì íìžµ ììšì íì¬ì íìžµ ììšì ë¹íŽ 2~3âì ë ë®ìë€. ìŽë MIS 5aì 5b ëì ì¬ëŠëª¬ìì ìžêž°ë ì¡°êžì© ìœíëê³ ìëì ìŒë¡ ê²šìž ëª¬ìì ê°íëë©Žì ìŒìŽë êž°íë³íì ìí íììŒ ê²ìŒë¡ ìê°ëë€. ëí íŽìë©Ž ë³íë¡ ìžíŽ ëíŽë¡ì ëë¥ì ì
ìŽ ìœíëë©Žì ììš ê°ìì ìí¥ì 믞쳀ì ê²ìŒë¡ ìê°ëë€. MIS 4 ëììë ë¹íê° ê°íëë©Žì ì ìžê³ íŽìë©ŽìŽ 60-80m ê°ë ë®ìì¡ë€ê³ ë³Žê³ ëìŽì¡ë€. ìŽë¡ ìžíŽ ìì íŽíì íµíŽ ëíŽë¡ ì ì
ëë ë°ë»í ì°ìë§ íŽë¥ì íëŠìŽ ì íëìì ê²ìŽê³ , ê°íë ê²šìž ëª¬ìë ìŽ ìêž°ì ë®ì ììšì ìë¹í ìí¥ì 믞쳀ì ê²ìŽë€. MIS 3ëììë MIS 4 ëìì ììšì ë¹íì¬ ëì ììšì 볎ìë€. MIS 3ëì ëì ììšì 볎ìŽë ê²ì ë¹ì 60-80m ê°ëì íŽìë©Ž íê°ìŒë¡ ìžíì¬ ì°ìë§ ëë¥ ì ì
ìŽ ì íëìê³ ê²šìž ëª¬ììŽ ê°íëìë ë¹íêž° ëìì ìí©ì ê³ ë €íŽ ë³Žë©Ž ë§€ì° ìŽë¡ì ìž íììŽë€. ìŽë° ê°ìì€ë° ììš ìì¹ì MIS 3 ì€ë° ë¬Žë µì ëíë¬ìŒë©°, ìêž°ììë ììŒë
Œ ëëì êžê²©í ìŠê°ë íìží ì ììë€. ìŽì íŽë¹íë ìœì ê¹ìŽììë ììœëŠ¬ìžµ (Dark Laminated Mud, DLM)ì íìž í ì ììë€. ììœëŠ¬ìžµì ë°ë¥ì ê°í íêž°ì± í겜ìŒë¡ ìžíì¬ ì Ʞ묌 ë¶íŽê° ì íëë©Žì ë°ìíë€ (Demasion and Moore., 1980). ë°ëŒì MIS 3 ì€êž°ì ëíŽë ê°í íêž°ì± í겜ìŒë¡ ìžíì¬ ììŒëŠ¬ìžµìŽ ëíë¬ìŒë©°, ìŽë ìŽ ìêž° ëì ììŒë
Œ ëëì ìŠê°ë¥Œ ë·ë°ì¹šíë€. ê·žë¬ë ìŽë MIS 3 ëìì ëì ììšì ì€ëª
íêž°ìë ë¶ì¡±íë€. MIS 2 ëììë ìž ìœì 몚ëìì 15âìŽìì ëì ììšì 볎ìë€. MIS 2ììì ëì ììšì ìŽì ì ì¬ë¬ ë
Œë¬žììë ë°íë ë°ê° ìë€. íì§ë§ ìŽì ëí ëª
ë°±í ììžìŽ ìì§ ë°íì§ì§ ììë€. ë°ëŒì 15,000~60,000ë
ì ì¬ìŽì ë¹íêž° ëì ëíŽììì ìŽë¡ì ìž ëì ììšì ììžì ëíŽì ìëìì ë ììží ìŽíŽë³žë€. ë§ì§ë§ìŒë¡ MIS 1ì ê°ë¹êž°ì íŽë¹íë©° ìž ìœìŽ 몚ëìì ììšìŽ 15~18âë¡ íì¬ì ì ì¬í ììš ë¶í¬ë¥Œ ëíëë€. ìŽë ì¬ëŠ 몬ìì ê°íì ì°ìë§ íŽë¥ê° ëíŽë¡ ì¬ì ì
ìŽ ëë©Žì ìí¥ì ë°ì ê²ìŒë¡ 볎ìžë€.
ë¹íêž° ëì ëíë ëì ììšì ìí¥ì ë¯žì¹ ì ìë ììžë€ì ëíŽì ìê°íŽ 볎ìë€. 첫 ë²ì§žë¡ ììŒë
Œ ìì°ìì êµ¬ì± ë³íìŽë€. ìŽ ì ì°êµ¬ë€ì ë°ë¥Žë©Ž G. oceanicaë¡ë¶í° ê³ì°ë ììšìŽ E. huxleyiì ê²ë³Žë€ ë ëê² ëíëë ê²ì íìž íë€. ë°ëŒì ì§ë ë¹íêž° ëì ëíŽì ììŒë
Œ ìì°ìê° íì¬ìë ë€ë¥Žê² G. oceanicaê° ì£Œ ìì°ììë€ë©Ž 볞 ë
Œë¬žìì ê³ì°ë ììŒë
Œ ììšì ë¹ì ììšë³Žë€ ë ëê² ê³ì°ëìì ê°ë¥ì±ìŽ ìë€. ë ë²ì§ž ê°ë¥ì±ì ìŒë¶ì ìí¥ìŽë€. ìµê·Œ Rosell-Melé10.6â to 14.1â in 05PC-14, 17.4â to 27.4â in 05PC-15, and 14.9â to 25.7â in 05PC-23). The alkenone contents also increased at same period (0.3ÎŒg/g to 3.3ÎŒg/g in 05PC-14, 0.1ÎŒg/g to 1.2ÎŒg/g in 05PC-15, and 0.4ÎŒg/g to 5.5ÎŒg/g in 05PC-23). The core depth including abruptly high alkenone temperature in middle MIS 3 was showed Dark Laminate Muds (DLM). DLM was caused by bottom water anoxic condition owing to water-column stratification (Demasion and Moore, 1980). Tada et al. (1999) suggested that during the glacial period of low sea level (-60 ~ -90m), bottom water condition was anoxic. It seems that anoxic bottom water condition influenced abruptly high alkenone contents during the MIS 3, but it is insufficient that why alkenone temperature abruptly increase during the MIS 3.
For period of MIS 2, some alkenone temperature were also anomalously high. It has been reported previously for the East Sea, but it's not clear for what to be a major factor responsible for the anomalously warm alkenone temperature. Further studies are necessary.
For period of MIS 1, alkenone temperature increased up to the present temperature in the early MIS 1. It seems to be closely related to global sea level changes, which influenced the warm water inflow into the East Sea during the mid MIS 1 (8-10 kyr BP), and change of the East Asian monsoon system.
Anomalously high alkenone temperatures occurred repeatedly during glacial period between 15 and 60 kyr BP. These warm alkenone temperature episodes would have had multiple causes. Such warm alkenone temperature events in the glacial period have three possible causes. The first possibility is an effects of haptophyte species on alkenone-SSTs. The second possibility is a salinity effects on alkenone-SSTs. The third possibility is an effect of nutrient concentration and growth rate on alkenone-SSTs. These effects together could have caused anomalously warm alkenone temperatures in the glacial period in the study area of 05PC-14, 05PC-15 and 05PC-23. More investigations are necessary to understand what happened in western margin of the East Sea at the time of 15-60 kyr BP.The purpose of this paper is to reconstruct the detailed paleoceanographic history of the East Sea during 130-kyr. Three piston cores 05PC-14, 05PC-15 and 05PC-23 taken from the western margin of the East Sea were examined. In this study, the C37 alkenone content were measured, and past sea surface temperature (SST) was calculated using = 0.034T + 0.039 (Prahl et al., 1988). The age of the sediment cores was determined by the direct correlation of lightness (L*) to well-dated core MD01-2407 in Oki Ridge and 05PC-21 in Korea Plateau, with a comparition of well-known lithostratigraphic and tephrostratigraphic markers. Alkenone-based SST from the core sediments showed that the past SST fluctuated greatly. In core 05PC-14, the temperature decreased from 16.6â to 12.8â during the period of marine isotope stage (MIS) 5a. Then, the temperature fluctuated between 8.5â and 15.7â during MISs 3 and 4. Due to the low alkenone contents, UK'37 values could not be calculated during the MIS 2. After that, it continued to fluctuate between 13.8â and 19.4â. In core 05PC-15, the temperature decreased from 23.3â to 13.8â during MIS 5. Then, the temperature fluctuated between 12.4â and 19â. During the MIS 3, it was anomalously high, which fluctuated between 15.1â and 27.4â. During the MIS 2, alkenone temperature was not calculated due to the low alkenone contents. After that, it fluctuated between 13.8â and 25.4â. In core 05PC-23, the temperature decreased from 25.8â to 9.6â during MIS 5. Then, the temperature fluctuated between 9.6â and 12.3â during MIS 4. However, during the MIS 3, the temperature was abnormally warm. It was scattered between 15â and 25.8â. Due to the low alkenone contents, UK'37 values could not be calculated during the MIS 2. After that, it continued to fluctuate between 15.7â and 18.2â.
Variation in the SST of the East Sea is considered to be closely related to changes in the east asian monsoon system and global sea level. For period of MIS 5, the alkenone temperatures gradually decreased from MIS 5e to MIS 5a. Especially, during MISs 5a and 5b, alkenone temperature was lower than those of present. It seems that lower SST was influenced by weaker summer monsoon and/or stronger winter monsoon than those of present. Also, sea level fall of 60m (Lambeck et al. 2002) would be restricted influx of warm water. According to Tada et al. (1999), the relative contributions of the Tsushima Warm Current (TWC) and East China Sea Coastal Water (ECSCW) varied significantly during this time interval. Therefore, most of the alkenone components would be when a strong influx of ECSCW would have supplied enough nutrients to sustain high surface productivity. Temperature of ECSCW is relatively lower than those of TWC. As a result, strong inflow of ECSCW into the East Sea could induce the lower SST of MISs 5a and b than those of MIS 1.
For period of MIS 4, the alkenone temperatures were very low. It seems to be closely associated with a global sea level fall of 60-80m during this period, which restricted the inflow of the TWC into the East Sea. Also, the low SSTs were influenced by strong winter monsoon during this period.
For period of MIS 3, UK'37-derived temperatures were relatively higher than those of MIS 4. Considering a global sea-level fall of 60-80m (Waelbroeck et al., 2002) and strong winter monsoon (Wang et al., 2005) during the last glaciation, warm alkenone temperature during the MIS 3 would be anomalous. Abruptly increasing SST was at middle MIS 3 (about 50 kyr BP, (1998)ì êŽì ì ë°ë¥Žë©Ž, ìž ìœìì ë¹íêž° ëìì ììšì ì ìŽë 6â볎ë€ë ëìë€ë ê²ì ì믞íë€. ìž ìœììì ììŒë
ŒìŒë¡ë¶í° ê³ì°ë ë¹íêž° ëìì ììš ê°ìŽ ìœ 15â ìŽì ìŽìë€ë ì ì ê³ ë €íë©Ž, ìŒë¶ì ë³íë ë¹íêž° ëìì ëì ììš ê°ì ëí ì§ì ì ìž ìŠê±°ê° ëì§ ëª»íë€. íì§ë§ ìŽì ëí ì¢ ë íì€í ìŠê±°ë¥Œ ìë°íë ì°êµ¬ê° ììŒë¡ ë ì§íëìŽìŒ í ê²ìŽë€. ìž ë²ì§ž ê°ë¥ì±ì UK'37 ê°ì ëí ìììŒ ëë ë³íì ìí¥ìŽë€. Epstein et al. (1998)ì ì°êµ¬ì ë°ë¥Žë©Ž, ìììŒ ëëì 40ÎŒMìì 1ÎŒM 믞ë§ìŒë¡ ê°ìë UK'37 ê°ì 0.10-0.19 ê°ë ìŠê°ìí€ë©°, ìŽë 1.8-4.4âì ììš ìì¹ì ì믞íë€. ë¹íêž° ëì ëíŽë ê°í ì±ìžµì ë°ë¬ë¡ ì¬ìžµìì íìžµ ìŒë¡ì ìììŒ ìŽëìŽ ì íëìŽ íìžµììì ìììŒ ëëë íì í ë®ìì ê²ìŒë¡ ìê°ëë€. íì§ë§ ìŽê²ë§ìŒë¡ë ë¹ìì ìììŒ ëë ë³í륌 ì€ëª
íêž°ìë ë¶ì¡±íë€. ë°ëŒì UK'37 ê°ì ëí ìììŒ ëë ë³íì ìí¥ì ëíŽ ì€ëª
íêž° ìíŽìë ë¹íêž°-ê°ë¹êž° ëì ëíŽììì ìììŒ ëëì ë³íì ëí ì°êµ¬ê° ì°ì ëìŽìŒ í ê²ìŽë€., (1998)ì C37 ììŒë
Œì ì 첎 ìì ëí C37:4ì ìëì ìž ì (37:4%)ìŽ 5ë³Žë€ í° ì§ìì 6â ìŽíì ììšì ëíëžë€ê³ ì¶ì íìë€. 볞 ë
Œë¬žìì ì¬ì©í ìž ìœì (05PC-14, 05PC-14, 05PC-23)ììë ë¹íêž° ëì 37:4%ì ê°ì 5ìë ì í 믞ì¹ì§ 못íë€. Rosell-Melé1. Introduction 8
2. Background of using alkenone as a proxy of sea surface temperature 11
3. Modern hydrography 14
4. Material and Method 18
4-1. Alkenone analysis 20
4-2. Age control 23
5. Results 27
5-1. Calibration equation 27
5-2. 05PC-14 27
(1) Alkenone content 27
(2) Alkenone temperature 28
5-3. 05PC-15 32
(1) Alkenone content 32
(2) Alkenone temperature 33
5-4. 05PC-23 36
(1) Alkenone content 36
(2) Alkenone temperature 37
6. Discussion 40
6-1. Analytical error of GC 40
6-2. Variations in sea surface temperature 44
(1) MIS 5 44
(2) MISs 3 and 4 47
(3) MIS 2 49
(4) MIS 1 50
6-3. Anomalously warm alkenone temperature during the glacial period 55
7. Conclusions 61
8. Reference 63
Acknowledgement 8
ì ì± ëŠŒíì¢ ìì PELI1 곌ë°íì ìì ë° ë³ëŠ¬íì ì€ìì±ê³Œ MYC곌ì êŽë šì±
íìë
Œë¬ž (ë°ì¬)-- ììžëíêµ ëíì : ì곌ëí ìí곌 ë³ëŠ¬íì ê³µ, 2016. 2. ê¹ì§ì.Background: Overexpression of Myc is known to guarantee a universally aggressive clinical course in B-cell lymphomas. The prototypic mechanism of MYC activation is MYC/IGH rearrangement, however, an alternative mechanism of Myc dysregulation is suspected in cases of Myc high tumors without structural alteration of MYC gene. This study aimed to explore possible link of Myc overexpression and E3 ubiquitin ligase PELI1 which regulates protein activity through post-translational modification.
Methods: Immunohistochemistry (IHC) for Myc and PELI1 was performed in a total of 495 cases including B, T or NK-cell and Hodgkin lymphomas, with additional IHC for BCL2, BCL6, CD10, IRF4/MUM1, CD5, CyclinD1, Ki-67 and Myc in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) and mantle cell lymphoma (MCL). Flourescence in situ hybridization (FISH) for MYC rearrangemnt and MYC amplification was performed in DLBCL and MCL cases. Immunohistochemical expression of PELI1 was confirmed with western blot and real time RT-PCR in 14 malignant lymphoma cell lines.
Results: High expression of Myc or PELI1 was found in high grade B-cell lymphoma cases such as DLBCL, Burkitt lymphoma and plasmablastic lymphoma, whereas low grade B-cell lymphoma, T / NK-cell lymphoma and Hodgkin lymphoma cases showed very low level of expression. The IHC results of PELI1 were concordant with in vitro cell line studiesRL7, Pfeiffer, SUDHL-2, DOHH2 and Ramos cell lines showed high levels of PELI1 protein and also mRNA. In DLBCL, PELI1 expression was positively correlated with expression of Myc, BCL6, BCL2 (all pâ€0.001) and IRF4/MUM1 (p=0.066). In DLBCL, high expression of PELI1 was associated with frequent bone marrow involvement (p=0.013) and shorter disease-free survival (p=0.002). In MCL, high Myc expression was significantly frequent in blastoid/pleomorphic variants and was associated with shortened overall survival and disease-free survival by univariable and multivariable analyses (all P < 0.05).
Conclusions: These results suggest that PELI1 might participate in the pathogenesis of aggressive B-cell lymphomas, in collaboration with Myc. Overexpression of Myc or PELI1 can predict inferior outcome in patients with DLBCL or MCL.Abstract i
Contents iii
List of tables and figures iv
Introduction 1
Materials and Methods 3
Results 8
Discussion 27
References 32
êµë¬žìŽë¡ 35Docto
Olmsted Syndrome Caused by a Heterozygous p.Gly568Val Missense Mutation in TRPV3 Gene
Olmsted syndrome (OS) is a rare congenital skin disorder characterized by severe palmoplantar and periorificial keratoderma, alopecia, onychodystrophy, and severe pruritus. Recently, pathogenic 'gain-of-function' mutations of the transient receptor potential vanilloid 3 gene (TRPV3), which encodes a cation channel involved in keratinocyte differentiation and proliferation, hair growth, inflammation, pain and pruritus, have been identified to cause OS. Due to the rarity, the pattern of inheritance of OS is still unclear. We report a case of OS in a 3-year-old Korean girl and its underlying gene mutation. The patient presented with a disabling, bilateral palmoplantar keratoderma with onychodystrophy. She also exhibited pruritic eczematous skin lesions around her eyes, ears and gluteal fold. Genetic analysis identified a heterozygous p.Gly568Val missense mutation in the exon 13 of TRPV3. To our knowledge, this is the first case of OS in the Korean population showing a missense mutation p.Gly573Ser.ope
Differences in Self-reported and Peer nominated Aggression Groups in School Adjustment and Psychological Characteristics
The purpose of this research was to compare the distribution of aggressiveness levels in elementary, middle, and high school students and to explore whether there are differences in school adjustment, positive psychology, and negative psychology based on aggressiveness level groups. For this research purpose, three research questions were addressed. First, what is the distribution of aggressiveness level in elementary, middle, and high school students? Second, are there any differences in school adjustment, positive psychology, and negative psychology among school levels? Third, are there any interaction effects of aggressiveness level and school levels on school adjustment, positive psychology, and negative psychology? In this research study, data of 3179 participants was derived from 2017 ClassNet program data base. The results of this study are as follows: First, peer-nominated aggressive group and high aggressive group were significantly reduced in high school compared to elementary and middle school. Second, self-reported aggressive students perceived themselves negatively and had difficulties in school adjustment compared to non-aggressive students or peer-nomination aggressive students. Lastly, the results of the interaction analysis between aggressiveness level and school level showed an interaction effect in behavioral participation, morality, empathy, self-control, and negative emotion.ìŽ ì°êµ¬ì 목ì ì ìêž°ë³Žê³ ì ëëì§ëª
ì í ëë¡ ìŽ, ì€, ê³ ë±íìì ê³µê²©ì± ìì€ë³ ì í ë¶í¬ë¥Œ ë¹êµíê³ , ì íì ë°ë¥ž íêµì ì, êžì ë° ë¶ì ì¬ëŠ¬ì ì°šìŽê° ìëì§ë¥Œ íìíë ê²ìŽë€. ì°êµ¬ë¬žì ë 첫짞, ìŽ, ì€, ê³ ë±íìì ê³µê²©ì± ìì€ë³ ì íë¶í¬ë ìŽë íê°? ë짞, íêµêžë³ë¡ ê³µê²©ì± ìì€ë³ ì íì ë°ë¥ž íêµì ì, êžì ë° ë¶ì ì¬ëŠ¬ìë ì°šìŽê° ìëê°? ì
짞, íêµì ì, êžì ë° ë¶ì ì¬ëŠ¬ì ëí ê³µê²©ì± ìì€ë³ ì í곌 íêµêžì ìížìì© íšê³Œê° ìëê°? ìŽë€. 2017ë
ëì íŽëì€ë· íë¡ê·žëšì í¬íšë ìŽ, ì€, ê³ ë±íêµ íì 3,179ëª
ì ë°ìŽí°ë¥Œ ë¶ìíìê³ , 죌ì ì°êµ¬ê²°ê³Œë ë€ì곌 ê°ë€. 첫짞, ëëì§ëª
공격ì±ì§ëšê³Œ ëì 공격ì±ì§ëšì ë¹ìšìŽ ìŽë±íêµì ì€íêµì ë¹íŽ ê³ ë±íêµìì ê°ìíìë€. ë°ë©Ž ìêž°ë³Žê³ ì ìíŽ ê³µê²©ì ìŽëŒê³ íìžë ì§ëš ë¹ìšì ì€Â·ê³ ë±íêµìì ì€íë € ìŠê°íìë€. ë짞, ìì ì ì€ì€ë¡ 공격ì ìŽëŒê³ ìê°íë íìë€ìŽ ë¹ê³µê²©ì±ì§ëšìŽë ëëì§ëª
공격ì±ì§ëšì ë¹íŽ ëì²Žë¡ ìì ì ëíŽ ë¶ì ì ìŒë¡ ìžìíê³ íêµì ììë 묞ì ê° ìë ê²ìŒë¡ ëíë¬ë€. ì
짞, ê³µê²©ì± ìì€ë³ ì§ëšì í곌 íêµêžì ìížìì©ë¶ì결곌, íëì ì°žì¬, ëëì±,ê³µê°, ìêž°ì¡°ì , ë¶ì ì ììì ìížìì©íšê³Œê° ëíë¬ë€.ìŽ ë
Œë¬žì 2015ë
ëíë¯Œêµ êµì¡ë¶ì íêµì°êµ¬ì¬ëšì ì§ìì ë°ì ìíë ì°êµ¬ì(NRF-2015S1A5A2A03049911
걎ê°ì²Žë ¥ ìì€ì ë°ë¥ž ëì¬ìŠíêµ°, ì첎ì§í, ìíìµêŽ ê°ì ì°êŽì± ì°êµ¬
볞 ì°êµ¬ì 목ì ì ëšë©Ž ì°êµ¬ë¥Œ íµíŽ 걎ê°ì²Žë ¥, ëì¬ìŠíêµ°, ì첎ì§í ë° ìíìµêŽ ê°ì ì°êŽì±ì ìì볎ëë° ìë€. ì±ìž 98ëª
(ëšì± 19ëª
, ì¬ì± 79ëª
)ìŽ ì°êµ¬ì ì°žê°íìë€. 걎ê°ì²Žë ¥, ëì¬ìŠíêµ° ìí ìžì, ë
žíêŽë š ì첎ì§íìž í
ë¡ë¯žìŽ êžžìŽì 믞í ìœë늬ì DNA ë³µì ì, ê·žëŠ¬ê³ ë¯ží ìœë늬ì ì€ížë ì€ ì첎ì§íìž FGF21 ë° GDF15ì 몚ë ëìììê²ì ìž¡ì íìë€. ìíìµêŽ êŽë š ì€ë¬žì íµíŽ ì€ížë ì€, ë¶ì, ì°ìž, ì¶ì ì§, ì 첎íë ë° ìë©Žì ëíŽ ì¡°ì¬íìë€. 걎ê°ì²Žë ¥ ìì€ì ë°ëŒ ë 귞룹ìŒë¡ ëëìŽ ë¶ìí 결곌, ì¬íì²Žë ¥ìŽ ëì 귞룹곌 ë®ì 귞룹 ì¬ìŽìì í늬ëë , ì¬ë°ì, 첎ì§ëì§ì, 첎ì§ë°©ë¥ , HOMA-IR, ìžì늰, ë¶ì ë° ì°ìžìì 귞룹 ê° ì°šìŽë¥Œ 볎ìë€. ìëì
ë ¥ìŽ ëì 귞룹곌 ë®ì 귞룹ììë í늬ëë , ì¬ë°ì, 첎ì€, 첎ì§ëì§ì, 첎ì§ë°©ë¥ , 믞í ìœë늬ì DNA ë³µì ì, FGF21, HOMA-IR, ê³ ë°ë ìœë ì€í
ë¡€, r-GTP, ì€ì±ì§ë°© ê·žëŠ¬ê³ ì¶ì ì§ìì 귞룹 ê° ì°šìŽë¥Œ 볎ìë€. ì¬íì²Žë ¥ê³Œ ìëì
ë ¥ìŽ ëì¬ìŠíêµ°ì 믞ì¹ë ìí¥ì ìì볎Ʞ ìíŽ ë¡ì§ì€í± íê·ë¶ìì ìííìë€. ì¬íì²Žë ¥ìŽ ë®ì 귞룹ì ëì 귞룹ì ë¹íŽ ëì¬ìŠíêµ°ìŽ ìêžž ìíìŽ 10.05ë°° ëììŒë©°, ëìŽ, ì±ë³, íë ¥, 겜ì ìì€ì 볎ì íì ëìë 12.56ë°° ëìë€. ìëì
ë ¥ìŽ ë®ì 귞룹ì ëì 귞룹ì ë¹íŽ ëì¬ìŠíêµ°ìŽ ìêžž ìíìŽ 4.36ë°° ëììŒë©°, ëìŽ, ì±ë³, íë ¥, 겜ì ìì€ì 볎ì íì ëìë 3.64ë°° ëìë€. 결곌ì ìŒë¡, ì¬íì²Žë ¥ê³Œ ìëì
ë ¥ì ëì¬ìŠíêµ°ì ììž¡ìžìë¡ ì ìë ì ììŒë©°, êŽë šë ì첎ì§íë ì¹ë£ì íê²ìŒë¡ ê°ì£Œë ì ìë€. 볞 ì°êµ¬ë ê±Žê° ì²Žë ¥, ëì¬ìŠíêµ°, ë€ìí ê±Žê° ê²°ê³Œ ê°ì ì°êŽì±ì 볎ì¬ì£Œìê³ , ììŒë¡ ëì¬ìŠíêµ°ì ì방곌 ì¹ë£ì ëí ì°êµ¬ì ì€ìí êž°ìŽ ìë£ë¥Œ ì ê³µí ê²ìŽëŒ ìê°ëë€.
The aim of this study was to explore the relationship between health-related physical fitness, metabolic syndrome, biomarkers and lifestyle factors using a cross-sectional study design. A total of 98 subjects (19 men and 79 women) participated in this study. Physical fitness, metabolic syndrome risk factors, and aging biomarkers including telomere length, mitochondrial DNA copy number, and serum soluble α-Klotho level, in addition to mitochondrial stress biomarkers including FGF21 and GDF15 were measured for all the participants. Lifestyle factors such as stress, anxiety, depression, quality of life, physical activity, and sleep were surveyed using validated questionnaires. In a group analysis of YMCA step test, WC, heart rate, BMI, body fat percentage, HOMA-IR, insulin, anxiety, and depression were significantly different between two groups. In a group analysis according to HGS, WC, heart rate, weight, BMI, body fat percentage, mtDNA-CN, FGF21, HOMA-IR, HDL-C, r-GTP, TG, insulin, and quality of life were significantly different between two groups. According to the result of logistic regression analyses, VO2max and relative handgrip strength are negatively associated with MetS independently and after adjustment for age, sex, education, and house income. Our results suggest that a VO2max and relative handgrip strength could predict metabolic syndrome. Additionally, various health outcomes, associated with VO2max and relative handgrip strength, could be the therapeutic target to metabolic syndrome.openì
íŒì§ ì¡°ì IMM íí°ë¥Œ ìŽì©í í공Ʞ ê³ ì¥ì§ëšêž°ë² ì°êµ¬
íìë
Œë¬ž(ìì¬)--ììžëíêµ ëíì :êž°ê³í공공íë¶,2006.Maste
ìì ì ê³µê°ì ìëì± ì°êµ¬ : ì 겜ì늬íì ìê°ì ì€ì¬ìŒë¡
íìë
Œë¬ž(ìì¬)--ììžëíêµ ëíì :ìì
í곌 ìŽë¡ ì ê³µ,1998.Maste
ì°ëŠ¬ëëŒ 20ë·30ë ì¬ì±ì ëë¡ê³Œ ê°ìŽííì ë°ë¥ž 첎íë¶ë¥
íìë
Œë¬ž (ìì¬)-- ììžëíêµ ëíì : ìë¥í곌, 2012. 2. ëšì€ì.볞 ì°êµ¬ë 첎íë³ ëëë§ì¶€ íšíŽì ìì ìí êž°ìŽì°êµ¬ë¡ìš, ì 6ì°š íêµìž ìžì²Ž ì¹ì ì¡°ì¬ ì¬ì
(Size Korea 2010)ì 3ì°šì ìžì²Žìž¡ì ì¹ë¥Œ ë°íìŒë¡ 20ë·30ë ì¬ì±ì 첎íì ëë¡ë³ë¡ ìžë¶ííì¬ ë¶ìíë€. ëí íêµ ì¬ì±ì ê°ìŽ ìì¹ì ííê° ìŽë íì§ ì¹ì륌 íµí íì°ë²ê³Œ ì ë¬žê° íê°ìì ìí êŽë¥ê²ì¬ì ë ê°ì§ ë°©ë²ìŒë¡ ìŽíŽëŽìŒë¡ìš, íì¬ íêµ 20ë·30ë ì¬ì±ì ìë°ì ì 첎íì ë¶ì·ë¶ë¥íì¬ ì¬ì¡°ëª
íìë€.
볞 ì°êµ¬ì ëŽì© ë° ê²°ê³Œë ë€ì곌 ê°ë€.
ì 첎 íŒíìì íê· ê³Œ ë³ìŽê³ì륌 ìŽíŽë³ž 결곌, 2004ë
(Size Korea 2004)ì ë¹íŽ í€ì ì ê°ìŽëë ì ìŠê°ëìŽ ì»žê³ , í늬ëë ë ê·žì ë°íŽ ì ì ìŠê°ëì 볎ììŒë©°, ì êŒì§í늬ëë ì êžžìŽì í늬ëë ì ë³ìŽê³ìê° í¬ê² ëíë¬ê³ , ì£Œë¡ ì첎 ëë í목ë€ê³Œ ê°ìŽë¶ìì ê°ìžì°šê° ëíë¬ë€.
HB(Hip-Bust)ëë¡ìŒë¡ ë¶ë¥í 첎í(A첎í, N첎í, H첎í)ë³ ê°ìŽëë ì í늬ëë ì ë¶í¬ë¥Œ ìì볎Ʞ ìíì¬ ê°ìŽëë ì í늬ëë ì ì°šìŽë¥Œ BW(Bust-Waist)ëë¡ìŒë¡ ëª
ëª
íê³ , ê° HBëë¡ì 3ê°ì BWëë¡ V첎í, N첎í, H첎íìŒë¡ ë¶ë¥íì¬, ìŽ 9ê°ì§ 첎í(HA첎í, NA첎í, VA첎í, HN첎í, NN첎í, VN첎í, HH첎í, NH첎í, VH첎í)ìŒë¡ ìžë¶ííë€. HBëë¡ê³Œ BWëë¡ì íµê³ì ìŒë¡ ì ìíê³ , ìŽë¥Œ ë°íìŒë¡ 9ê°ì§ 첎íì íê· ìŽë©Žì ë€ë¹ë 구ê°ì ìíê³ ë¯žì ìž íë¡í¬ì
ì ê³ ë €íŽ, ëí 첎íì ì ì¶íì¬ 3ì°šì ìžì²Ž íì ìë£ë¥Œ ì ìíë€. ëí, ëë¡ìŒë¡ ë¶ë¥í 첎íì ê°ê° í€ì BMI, ê·žëŠ¬ê³ ì ê°ìŽížíë¥ , í늬ížíë¥ , ìë©ìŽížíë¥ ìŽ ì¹ŽìŽê²ì 결곌 íµê³ì ìŒë¡ ì ìíìë€.
ì첎 첎íë¶ë¥ì ììŽ íšíŽì ìì ìíŽ íìì ìž ê°ìŽì ííì ìì¹ë¥Œ íì
íêž° ìíŽ ëª©ìì êŒì§í늬ëë ì êžžìŽë¥Œ í€ë¡ ëë ì§ìì¹ë¥Œ %ë¡ ëíëŽ ì첎ì ë¹ìšì ìŽíŽë³ž 결곌 í€ì ë¶ì ìêŽêŽê³ë¥Œ 볎ìë€. ëí, ììì ë¶ë¥í ëë¡ë³ ì첎ë¹ìšì ìŽíŽë³ž 결곌 íµê³ì ìŒë¡ ì ìíê³ , HBëë¡ìŒë¡ ë¶ë¥í H첎í, N첎í, A첎í ììŒë¡ ì첎ë¹ìšìŽ ëíë, ì첎ë¹ìšì BWëë¡ë³Žë€ HBëë¡ê³Œì ì°êŽì±ìŽ í° ê²ì íìží ì ììë€.
íêµ 20ë·30ë ì¬ì±ì ê°ìŽ íí륌 ë¶ìíê³ ì, ì¹ì륌 íµí íì°ë²ê³Œ ì 묞ê°ì êŽë¥ê²ì¬ë¥Œ ë³ííìëë°, ê°ìŽ ìì¹ë ë첎ì ìŒë¡ ì°ë ¹ìŽ ëìì§ìë¡ ê°ìŽìì¹ë¹ìšìŽ í°, ìŠ ê°ìŽìì¹ê° ë®ì 겜í¥ì 볎ìê³ , ê°ìŽìì¹ë ëë¡ë³ë¡ ì ìí ì°šìŽê° ììë€. ì êŒì§ì¬ìŽìíêžžìŽë ì°ë ¹ë³, 첎íë³ë¡ ì ìí ì°šìŽë¥Œ 볎ììŒë, ì í(ì êŒì§ì¬ìŽìíêžžìŽ/ì ê°ìŽëë¹)ì ì°ë ¹ë³, ëë¡ë³ë¡ ì ìíì§ ììë€. ê°ìŽê°ëë ì°ë ¹ë³ë¡ ì ìí ì°šìŽê° ìììŒë, ëë¡ë³ 첎í곌 ì ìíê³ , VH첎íìì ì ëí ìì 겜í¥ì 볎ìë€.
ê°ìŽ ííì ìì¹ì ëí 6ëª
ì ì ë¬žê° êŽë¥íê°ë¥Œ ì€ìíìëë°, í¬ë¡ ë°íì ìí(Cronbach's alpha)륌 ì°ì¶ 결곌, ì 뢰ì±ìŽ ë§€ì° ëìê³ , ê°ìŽì ìì¹ê° ë¹êµì ëì Hí곌 ì€ê°ìž Míì ê²œì° ë©ìíì ê°ìŽííì ì¶íë¥ ìŽ í¬ê³ , ë¹êµì ë®ì Líì 겜ì°ìë ë¥ê·Œí곌 ëì¶íì ê°ìŽííê° ë§ìë€. ëí, êµì°šë¶ìì ìŽì©íŽ êŽë¥ë²ì ìí ê°ìŽííì ê°ìŽê°ëì 칎ìŽì ê³±ë¶ìì ì€ìí 결곌, ëì¶í(Prominent Bust)ì ê°ìŽì ê²œì° ê°ëê° ìì NíìŽ íì í ë§ìê³ , ë¥ê·Œí(Round Bust)ì ê°ìŽì ê²œì° ê°ëê° ì€ê°ìž MíìŽ ë§ìë€.
볞 ì°êµ¬ë 3ì°šì íì ìë£ë¥Œ ìŽì©íŽ, ëë¡ë³, ê·žëŠ¬ê³ ê°ìŽííë³ë¡ ìë°ì 첎íë¶ìì íì¬ ì²Žíì ìžë¶ííê³ íì¬ íêµ 20ë·30ë ì¬ì±ì ìë°ì ì 첎íì ì¬ì¡°ëª
íë©°, ëìê° ë§ì¶€ìì°ìì°ì²Žê³ë¡ ê°ë ì€ê° ëšê³ì ììŽ, 첎íë³ ëëë§ì¶€ íšíŽì ìì êž°ìŽ ìë£ë¡ìš íì©ëꞰ륌 êž°ëíë€.The purpose of this study is to classify and analyze the body somatotype of the twenties and thirties Korean women which are based on the data of 'The 6th Size Korea 2010' according to the drop as a base study to custom manufacturing patterns. This study also classify the bust type and position of Korean women according to calculate measurements and carry out the sensory evaluation of experts to shed new light on the upper body somatotype of current twenties and thirties Korean women.
The contents and the results of this study are as follows:
The examinations of means and variations coefficients at all subjects revealed that there were great changes in stature and bust circumference, and less changes in waist circumference. Nipple to waistline and waist circumference shows high variations coefficients, mostly represents individual differences in the upper body circumference and the chestal area.
To find out the distribution of bust circumference and waist circumference according to the body somatotype(A type, N type, H type) which is classified by HB(Hip-Bust) Drop, the difference between bust circumference and waist circumference is named BW(Bust-Waist) Drop in this study; and classify each HB Drop to three BW Drop, V type, N type, H type, so finally classify into nine body types(HA type, NA type, VA type, HN type, NN type, VN type, HH type, NH type, VH type). In the results of cross-analysis between HB Drop and BW Drop show that there was a stastically significant difference, and propose the representative nine body types with the 3D body shape which is nearly means in the frequent sections considered esthetic proportion. Also, body somatotype according to the Drop had stastically difference in stature, BMI, bust flatness ratio, waist flatness ratio, and hip flatness ratio as a result of Chi-Square Test.
The upper body proportion have a correlation with stature as a result of analyze the % ratio of neck point to breast point to waisline to stature to figure out the bust type and position which is essential to make a manufacturing patterns. Also, upper body proportion according to the Drop have stastically significant difference, and shows in order of H type, N type, A type which is classified to HB Drop that presents upper body proportion is more related to HB Drop then BW Drop.
As a result of calculating measurements and carring out the sensory evaluation of experts to analyze the bust type of the twenties and thirties Korean women, the bust position tend to be lower as the age increases, and have stastically significant difference to the Drop. Bust point to bust point have difference in age and the Drop, whereas the ratio of bust point to bust point to bust breadth have nothing to do with age and the Drop. The bust angle have no relevance to age, while have relevance to the Drop, and especially narrow in VH type.
Lastly, the sensory evaluation of experts was carried out, and it was reliable as a result of Cronbach's alpha test. H type which have comparatively high bust position and M type which have middle bust position tend to have flat busts, and L type which have comparatively low bust position tend to have round busts or prominent busts. Also, cross-analysis between the bust type which is classified by the sensory evaluation and the bust angle shows that prominent busts tend to have lower bust angle(N type), and round busts tend to have middle bust angle(M type).
This study classify and analyze the body somatotype using 3D body shape data according to the drop and the bust type to shed new light on the upper body somatotype of current twenties and thirties Korean women, and, by extension, this study are expected to contribute to establishing a database for generating custom manufacturing patterns as a middle step to custom-mass production system.Maste
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