31 research outputs found

    (A) neurocognitive assessment : mild dementia of alzheimer type, questionable dementia, and non-demented elderly

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    ์˜ํ•™๊ณผ/์„์‚ฌ[ํ•œ๊ธ€] ์•Œ์ฏ”ํ•˜์ด๋จธํ˜• ์น˜๋งค์˜ ์น˜๋ฃŒ์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ์กฐ๊ธฐ ์ง„๋‹จ๊ณผ ์กฐ๊ธฐ ์น˜๋ฃŒ์˜ ์ค‘์š”์„ฑ์ด ๊ฐ•์กฐ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ตœ๊ทผ์—๋Š” ์ž„์ƒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์น˜๋งค์˜ ์ง„๋‹จ ๊ธฐ์ค€์„ ๋งž์ถ”์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์œผ๋‚˜, ์ฃผ๊ด€์ ์ธ ๊ธฐ์–ต๋ ฅ ์ €ํ•˜์˜ ํ˜ธ์†Œ์™€ ์ธ์ง€์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ •์ƒ์ด ์•„๋‹Œ ์น˜๋งค์˜์‹ฌ๊ตฐ์ด๋ž€ ๊ฐœ๋…์ด ์†Œ๊ฐœ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, 1982๋…„ Hughes๋“ฑ์€ ์ž„์ƒ์น˜๋งค์ฒ™๋„(Clinical Dementia Rating;์ดํ•˜ CDR)๋ž€ ์ง„๋‹จ๋„๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ทธ CDR์ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ 0.5์ ์ธ ๋Œ€์ƒ์„ ์น˜๋งค์˜์‹ฌ๊ตฐ์œผ๋กœ ์ •์˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์น˜๋งค์˜์‹ฌ๊ตฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์žฅ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ถ”์‹œ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ์น˜๋งค์˜์‹ฌ๊ตฐ์€ ์•Œ์ฏ”ํ•˜์ด๋จธํ˜• ์น˜๋งค์˜ ๋งค์šฐ ์กฐ๊ธฐ๋‹จ๊ณ„(very early stage)์ผ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ฃผ์žฅ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋“ค์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์•Œ์ฏ”ํ•˜์ด๋จธํ˜• ์น˜๋งค์˜ ์ง„๋‹จ์— ํ˜„์žฌ๊นŒ์ง€ ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์˜ˆ๋ฏผํ•œ ๋„๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ ์ ˆํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ง„(good history)๊ณผ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์ธ์ง€๊ธฐ๋Šฅํ•™์  ํ‰๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•œ ์ด์ฐจ์„ฑ ๊ธฐ์–ต๋ ฅ ํŠนํžˆ ์ง€์—ฐํšŒ์ƒ(delayed recall)์˜ ์žฅ์• ๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์— ์น˜๋งค์˜์‹ฌ๊ตฐ์„ ์ง„๋‹จํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ์น˜๋งค์˜์‹ฌ๊ตฐ์˜ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์ธ์ง€๊ธฐ๋Šฅํ•™์  ํŠน์ง•์„ ์•„๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์น˜๋งค์˜์‹ฌ๊ตฐ์˜ ์ง„๋‹จ๊ณผ ์น˜๋งค๋กœ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•  ์ง€์˜ ์—ฌ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ๊ฒฐ์ •์ง“๋Š” ์˜ˆ์ธก์ธ์ž๋ฅผ ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ์—๋„ ๋„์›€์ด ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ชฉ์ ์€ ๊ฒฝ๋„ ์•Œ์ฏ”ํ•˜์ด๋จธํ˜• ์น˜๋งค๊ตฐ, ์น˜๋งค์˜์‹ฌ๊ตฐ ๋ฐ ๋น„์น˜๋งค๋Œ€์กฐ๊ตฐ ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ฃผ์˜๋ ฅ, ๊ธฐ์–ต๋ ฅ, ์‹œ์ง€๊ฐ๊ณต๊ฐ„๋Šฅ๋ ฅ, ์–ธ์–ด๋Šฅ๋ ฅ ๋ฐ ๊ณ ์œ„ํ”ผ์งˆ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ ๋“ฑ์˜ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์ธ์ง€๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ๋น„๊ตํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์น˜๋งค์˜์‹ฌ๊ตฐ์˜ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์ธ์ง€๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์  ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ์•Œ์•„๋ณด๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋Œ€์ƒ์€ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋„ ๊ด‘์ฃผ๊ตฐ ์ •์‹ ๋ณด๊ฑด์„ผํ„ฐ์˜ ๋…ธ์ธ ๋‚ฎ๋ณ‘์›์— ๋“ฑ๋ก๋œ 65์„ธ ์ด์ƒ์˜ ์—ฌ์„ฑ ๋…ธ์ธ ์ค‘ ๊ฒฝ๋„ ์•Œ์ฏ”ํ•˜์ด๋จธํ˜• ์น˜๋งค๊ตฐ 5๋ช…, ์น˜๋งค์˜์‹ฌ๊ตฐ 9๋ช… ๋ฐ ๋น„์น˜๋งค ๋Œ€์กฐ๊ตฐ 14๋ช…์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ˜ˆ๊ด€์„ฑ ์น˜๋งค๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ์ œํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด Hachinski ํ—ˆํ˜ˆ์ง€์ˆ˜์ƒ 4์ ์ด ๋„˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์™€, ์šฐ์šธ์ฆ์ƒ์˜ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์ธ์ง€๊ธฐ๋Šฅ ํ‰๊ฐ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐฐ์ œํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋‹จ์ถ•ํ˜•๋…ธ์ธ์šฐ์šธ์ฒ™๋„(Short form Geriatric Depression Scale; ์ดํ•˜ SGDS)์ƒ 8์ ์ด ๋„˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋Œ€์ƒ์—์„œ ์ œ์™ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ง„๋‹จ์€ ๋…ธ์ธ ๋‚ฎ๋ณ‘์› ํ‡ด์›์‹œ์ ์—์„œ ์น˜๋งค์—ฐ๊ตฌํšŒ์˜(๋…ธ์ธ์ •์‹ ๊ณผ ์ „๋ฌธ์˜, ์ •์‹ ๊ณผ ์ „๋ฌธ์˜ , ์ „๊ณต์˜, ์ž„์ƒ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ์‚ฌ, ์‚ฌํšŒ์‚ฌ์—…์‚ฌ, ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ ๊ฐ 1์ธ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ)์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ง„๋‹จ๊ณผ ํ†ต๊ณ„ ํŽธ๋žŒ IV ํŒ(Diagnostic and Statistical Manual; ์ดํ•˜ DSM-IV) ๋ฐ CDR์„ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ ๋‚ด๋ ธ๋‹ค. ์ฃผ์˜๋ ฅ์€ Wechsler ๊ธฐ์–ต๊ฒ€์‚ฌ ์ˆ˜์ •ํŒ(Wechsler, 1987: ์ดํ•˜ WMS-R)์˜ ์†Œ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ์ธ ์ˆซ์ž๋”ฐ๋ผํ•˜๊ธฐ(Digit span), ๋„ํ˜•๋”ฐ๋ผํ•˜๊ธฐ(Visual span) ๋ฐ ๋น„์—”๋‚˜๊ฒ€์‚ฌ์ด์ง‘(Schufried, 1993: ์ดํ•˜ Vienna test system)์˜ ์†Œ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ์ธ ์ง€์†์ ์ฃผ์˜๋ ฅ(Continuous attention)์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ์–ต๋ ฅ์€ WMS-R์˜ ๋…ผ๋ฆฌ์ ๊ธฐ์–ต๋ ฅ(Logical memory)์˜ ์ฆ‰๊ฐํšŒ์ƒ(Immediate recall)๊ณผ 30๋ถ„ ์ง€์—ฐํšŒ์ƒ(Delayed recall), ์–ธ์–ด์ ์—ฐ์ƒํ•™์Šต(Verbal paired associate learning)์˜ ์ฆ‰๊ฐํšŒ์ƒ, ์‰ฌ์šด์ง์—ฐ์ƒ(easy pair)/์–ด๋ ค์šด์ง์—ฐ์ƒ(hard pair)๊ณผ 30๋ถ„ ์ง€์—ฐํšŒ์ƒ, ์‰ฌ์šด์ง์—ฐ์ƒ/์–ด๋ ค์šด์ง์—ฐ์ƒ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์‹œ์ง€๊ฐ๊ณต๊ฐ„๋Šฅ๋ ฅ ์ค‘์—์„œ ์‹œ์ง€๊ฐ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ(Visual perception)์€ WMS-R์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ๊ธฐ์–ต๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์‘์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ์‹œ๊ณต๊ฐ„๋Šฅ๋ ฅ (Visuospatial abilities)์€ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ ํ–‰๋™ํ•™์ ์ธ์ง€์ƒํƒœ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ(Neurobehavioral Cognitive Screening Examination: ์ดํ•˜ NCSE)์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ(Construction)๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์–ธ์–ด๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์€ ํ•œ๊ตญํŒ ์„ฑ์ธ์šฉ๊ฐœ์ธ์ง€๋Šฅ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ(Korean-Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale:์ดํ•˜K-WAIS)์˜ ์ดํ•ด๋ ฅ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ(Comprehension) ๋ฐ ํ•œ๊ตญ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์ธ์ง€๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์—ฐ๊ตฌํšŒ์˜ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์ธ์ง€๊ฒ€์‚ฌ์ง‘์ƒ์˜ ์‹ค์–ด์ฆ๋“ฑ๊ธ‰์ฒ™๋„(Aphasia severity rating scale)๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ณ ์œ„ํ”ผ์งˆ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ(Higher cortical function)์€ NCSE์˜ ์œ ์‚ฌ์„ฑ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ(Similarity), ํŒ๋‹จ๋ ฅ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ(Judgment), Go-No-Go ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ, Vienna test system์˜ ๊ฐ€์„คํ˜•์„ฑ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ(Hypotheis formation test), ๋ณด์†์ฆ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ(Perseveration test)๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ง„๋‹จ์„ ๋…๋ฆฝ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋กœ, ๊ฐ์ข… ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์ธ์ง€๊ธฐ๋Šฅ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ข…์†๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋กœ ์„ค๊ณ„ํ•˜์—ฌ one-way ANOVA๋ฅผ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ธ ์ข…์†๋ณ€์ˆ˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์‚ฌํ›„๋ถ„์„์„ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฒฝ๋„ ์•Œ์ฏ”ํ•˜์ด๋จธํ˜• ์น˜๋งค๊ตฐ 5์ธ, ์น˜๋งค ์˜์‹ฌ๊ตฐ 9์ธ ๋ฐ ๋น„์น˜๋งค ๋Œ€์กฐ๊ตฐ 14์ธ์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์ธ์ง€๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ์–ธ์–ด์ ์—ฐ์ƒํ•™์Šต์˜ ์ฆ‰๊ฐ ํšŒ์ƒ์ค‘์—์„œ ์‰ฌ์šด์ง์—ฐ์ƒ(๊ฒฝ๋„ ์น˜๋งค๊ตฐ, ์น˜๋งค์˜์‹ฌ๊ตฐ, ๋Œ€์กฐ๊ตฐ ๊ฐ๊ฐ 4.80ยฑ3.34,6.0ยฑ2.0, 8.85ยฑ2.14), ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ(0.50ยฑ0.58, 1.00ยฑ1.55, 3.50ยฑ1.87), ์‹ค์–ด์ฆ๋“ฑ๊ธ‰์ฒ™๋„(2.83ยฑ0.40, 3.78ยฑ0.67, 4.71ยฑ0.47), ์œ ์‚ฌ์„ฑ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ(2.80ยฑ3.56, 2.11ยฑ1.54, 7.36ยฑ1.98)์—์„œ ์น˜๋งค์˜์‹ฌ๊ตฐ์€ ์ •์ƒ๋Œ€์กฐ๊ตฐ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ์œ ์˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ €์กฐํ•œ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰์„ ๋ณด์˜€๊ณ , ๊ฒฝ๋„์น˜๋งค๊ตฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ์ˆ˜ํ–‰์ •๋„ ์ƒ ์œ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ด์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ์น˜๋งค์˜์‹ฌ๊ตฐ์˜ ์ธ์ง€์  ํŠน์„ฑ์ด ์ •์ƒ๋…ธํ™”๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ์•Œ์ฏ”ํ•˜์ด๋จธํ˜• ์น˜๋งค์— ๊ฐ€๊น๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์‹œ์‚ฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์น˜๋งค์˜์‹ฌ๊ตฐ์€ ์ •์ƒ ๋…ธํ™”๋ผ๊ธฐ ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ์•Œ์ฏ”ํ•˜์ด๋จธํ˜• ์น˜๋งค์˜ ์ „ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์ผ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ์‹œ์‚ฌ๋œ๋‹ค. [์˜๋ฌธ] The objective of this study is to differentiate the mild dementia of Alzheimer type from the questionable dementia and non-demented elderly using the neurocognitive assessment. Subjects were consisted of 28 women (14 non-demented, 9 questionable dementia, 5 mild dementia of Alzheimer type) registered to Kwangju Community Mental Health Center. The diagnosis were made using DSM-IV, Clinical Dementia Rating Scale. The neurocognitive functions were assessed with following test tools 1) attention : Digit span, Visual span, Continuous attention; 2) memory: Logical memroy, Verbal paired associates-easy/hard 3) visual perception and visuospatial ability: Visual recognition test, Construction; and 4) language: Comprehension and Aphasia severity rating scale; 5) higher cortical function: Hypothesis formation, Perseveration, Similarity, Judgment, and Go-No-Go test. Group differences were analyzed with one way ANOVA test in SPSS 8.0 for win and LSD method as post-hoc analysis. The questionable dementia group showed significant difference in Verbal paired associates-easy pair, Construction, Aphasia severity rating scale and Similarity from the non-demented normal control group but showed no difference from tole mildly demented group. These results suggest that the questionable dementia is actually very early or very mild stage of dementia of the Alzheimer type.restrictio

    Mutation analysis of trasnforming growth factor beta type โ…ก receptor based on multistep process of oral squamous cell carcino

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    ์น˜์˜ํ•™๊ณผ/๋ฐ•์‚ฌ[ํ•œ๊ธ€] Transforming growth factor ฮฒ(TGFฮฒ)์™€ ๊ทธ ์ˆ˜์šฉ์ฒด๋Š” ์„ธํฌ์˜ ์„ฑ์žฅ, ๋ถ„ํ™”๋ฅผ ์กฐ์ ˆํ•˜๊ณ  apoptosis์™€ motility๋ฅผ ์กฐ์ ˆํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ์กฐ์ง์˜ remodeling์„ ์œ ๋„ํ•˜๋Š” ๋“ฑ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์„ธํฌ์—์„œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ TGFฮฒ๋Š” ์ƒํ”ผ์„ธํฌ์ฆ์‹์˜ ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ์–ต์ œ์ธ์ž์ค‘์˜ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ด๋‹ค. ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์•…์„ฑ์ข…์–‘์ด ์„ธํฌ์ฆ์‹์„ ์กฐ์ ˆํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์ด ์†Œ์‹ค๋˜์–ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์•”๋ฐœ์ƒ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์˜ ํŠน์ • ์‹œ๊ธฐ์—์„œ TGFฮฒ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์ด ์–ต์ œ๋˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์‹ ํ˜ธ์ „๋‹ฌ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์ด ์†Œ์‹ค๋˜์—ˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ๊ฐ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋‘๊ฒฝ๋ถ€ ์•”๋ฐœ์ƒ ๊ณผ์ •์˜ ์–ด๋Š ๋‹จ๊ณ„์— TGFฮฒ type โ…ก ์ˆ˜์šฉ์ฒด(TฮฒRโ…ก) ์œ ์ „์ž์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š”์ง€, ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์•”๋ฐœ์ƒ ๊ณผ์ •์— ์–ด๋–ค ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ๊ทœ๋ช…ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๊ฐ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์˜ ์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ๋”ฐ๋กœ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ง„ํ–‰์‹œ์ผœ์•ผ ํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์— ์ €์ž๋Š” 18์˜ˆ์˜ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ•ํŽธํ‰์„ธํฌ์•”์ข… ์กฐ์ง์—์„œ ๋ ˆ์ด์ €๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์™ธ๊ณผ์  ์ ˆ์ œ์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„ ๋ถ€์œ„์ธ ์ •์ƒ, ์ดํ˜•์„ฑ, ์นจ์œค์„ฑ ์•”์ข…, ๊ฒฝ๋ถ€๋ฆผํŒŒ์ ˆ ์ „์ด ๋ถ€์œ„ ์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌํ•˜์—ฌ DNA๋ฅผ ์ถ”์ถœํ•˜๊ณ  ์ˆ˜์šฉ์ฒด ์œ ์ „์ธ์ž์˜ exon 1๏ฝž7์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ค‘ํ•ฉํšจ์†Œ๋ฐ˜์‘๊ณผ ์—ผ๊ธฐ์„œ์—ด ๋ถ„์„์„ ํ†ตํ•ด TฮฒRโ…ก ๋Œ์—ฐ๋ณ€์ด๋ฅผ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋Œ์—ฐ๋ณ€์ด๊ฐ€ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์˜ ์‚ผ์ฐจ์›์  ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ผ์œผ์ผฐ๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์–ป์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1. 18์˜ˆ์ค‘ 6์˜ˆ์˜ ์„ธํฌํ•™์  ์ดํ˜•์„ฑ ๋ถ€์œ„์—์„œ ์—ฌ์„ฏ ์œ ํ˜•์˜ ์œ ์ „์ž ๋Œ์—ฐ๋ณ€์ด๊ฐ€ ๊ด€์ฐฐ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์ค‘ 1์˜ˆ๋Š” exon 3์˜ codon 135 ๋ถ€์œ„์—์„œ ATG(Met)โ†’ACG(Thr)์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๋€ missense mutation์ด์—ˆ๊ณ  ์ด ๋ถ€์œ„์˜ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ ์‚ผ์ฐจ์› ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ณ€ํ™” ๋ถ„์„๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๊ฐ€ ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 3์˜ˆ๋Š” exon 4์—์„œ ์„ธ ์œ ํ˜•์˜ missense mutation์ด์—ˆ๊ณ  ์ด ์ค‘ ํ•œ ์œ ํ˜•์€ ์•„๋ฏธ๋…ธ์‚ฐ์˜ hydrophobicity๊ฐ€ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€ 2์˜ˆ๋Š” exon 5์™€ exon 7์—์„œ silent mutation์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. 2. 18์˜ˆ์˜ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ•ํŽธํ‰์„ธํฌ์•”์ข… ์ค‘ 3์˜ˆ์˜ ์นจ์œค์„ฑ ์•”์ข… ๋ถ€์œ„์—์„œ ์„ธ ์œ ํ˜•์˜ ๋Œ์—ฐ๋ณ€์ด๊ฐ€ ๊ด€์ฐฐ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 3์˜ˆ ๋ชจ๋‘ exon 4์—์„œ ๊ด€์ฐฐ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , codon 170, codon 186, codon 205์—์„œ missense mutation์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. 3. ๊ฒฝ๋ถ€๋ฆผํ”„์ ˆ ์ „์ด๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋ƒˆ๋˜ 9์˜ˆ์˜ ํŽธํ‰์„ธํฌ์•”์ข… ์ค‘ 3์˜ˆ์˜ ์นจ์œค์„ฑ ์•”์ข… ๋ถ€์œ„์—์„œ ์—ฌ์„ฏ ์œ ํ˜•์˜ ๋Œ์—ฐ๋ณ€์ด๊ฐ€ ๊ด€์ฐฐ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ชจ๋‘ exon 4์— ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋Œ์—ฐ๋ณ€์ด์—ˆ๊ณ , codon 170, codon 221, codon 227, codon 236, codon 238์—์„œ missense mutation์ด, codon 389์—์„œ silent mutation์ด ๊ด€์ฐฐ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 4. ๊ตฌ๊ฐ•ํŽธํ‰์„ธํฌ์•”์ข… 18์˜ˆ์ค‘ 8์˜ˆ์—์„œ exon 4์˜ codon 191์— single nucleotide polymorphism(SNP)์ด ๊ด€์ฐฐ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์ƒ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ TฮฒRโ…ก์˜ ๋Œ์—ฐ๋ณ€์ด๋Š” ์•”๋ฐœ์ƒ ๊ณผ์ • ์ค‘ ์ „์•”๋‹จ๊ณ„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ , ๋Œ์—ฐ๋ณ€์ด์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๊ฐ€ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋˜๋ฉด์„œ TGFฮฒ์™€์˜ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ์นœํ™”๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฐ์†Œ์‹œ์ผœ ์„ธํฌ์ฆ์‹์„ ์–ต์ œํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ดˆ๋ž˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฐœ์•”์ž‘์šฉ์„ ์ด‰์ง„ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ exon 4์—์„œ 44%์˜ ๋†’์€ ๋นˆ๋„๋กœ SNP๊ฐ€ ๊ด€์ฐฐ๋˜์–ด ์ด๋Š” cancer susceptibility ์ฆ๊ฐ€์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ์ด ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ๋ฃŒ๋œ๋‹ค. [์˜๋ฌธ]The role of transforming growth factor ฮฒ (TGFฮฒ) family members in carcinogenesis is complex. A widely accepted concept suggests that a critical step of carcinogenesis is the deregulation of TGFฮฒ action and its signaling function. We have previously observed mutation of TGFฮฒ type โ…ก receptor(TฮฒRโ…ก) gene in Oral squamous cell carcinoma(OSCC) cell lines. In the present study, 18 cases of OSCC were used for genetic mutation analysis of TฮฒRโ…ก. Focused on multistep process, each area was selected by normal surgical margin, dysplastic lesion, carcinoma and metastatic cancer cells by laser captured microdissection(LCM). Exon-specific spanning primers of exon 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 were used for PCR amplification of the genomic DNA and each of the amplified sequences were analyzed for their mutation sites. The structure of TฮฒRโ…ก ectodomain was analyzed by structure modeling method. The results were as follows : 1. The genetic mutations were found in 6 cases of dysplastic area. In one case, mutation was found in exon3(extracellular domain) at codon 135[Met-to-Thr] which induced the structural change in extracellular domain of the receptor. In 3 cases, missense mutations were found in exon4. One of them showed the alteration of hydrophobicity of amino acid. The genetic change in exon5 and exon7 was silent mutation. 2. The mutations were found in 3 cases of invasive carcinoma area. Those were located in exon 4 at codon 170, codon 186 and codon 205. 3. The mutation was observed in 3 cases of metastatic area within lymph node. Six kinds of mutation were found in exon4 at codon 170codon 221, codon 227,codon 236, codon 238, codon 389. 4. The most common site of genetic change was codon 191(Val-to-Ile) of exon 4 which was found in eight cases throughout normal surgical margin, dysplastic lesion, carcinoma and metastatic cancer cells. This mutation was turned out single nucleotide polymorphism(SNP). These results suggest that TฮฒRโ…ก mutations occur in early stage of tumor development and TฮฒRโ…ก polymorphisms may contribute to the susceptibility for cancer development.ope

    3-D reconstruction of normal oral mucosa and its biologic characterization

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    ์น˜์˜ํ•™๊ณผ/์„์‚ฌ[ํ•œ๊ธ€] ๊ฒฐ์ฒด์กฐ์ง๊ณผ ์ƒํ”ผ ์„ธํฌ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ ์ž‘์šฉ์€ ์„ธํฌ์˜ ์„ฑ์žฅ ๋ฐ ๋ถ„ํ™”์— ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์š”์†Œ๋กœ ์ž‘์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์„ธํฌ์™ธ๊ธฐ์งˆ์€ ์„ธํฌ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ์ ‘์ฐฉ์ œ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ์š”์†Œ๋กœ ์ƒํ”ผ ์„ธํฌ์™€ ๊ฒฐ์ฒด์กฐ์ง๊ฐ„์— ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ๊ตํ™˜ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ƒํ”ผ ์„ธํฌ์˜ ๊ธฐ์ €๋ง‰์„ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ์„ธํฌ์™ธ๊ธฐ์งˆ๋กœ ์ œ 4ํ˜• ๊ต์›์งˆ๊ณผ laminin, fibronectin๋“ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ์ œ 4ํ˜• ๊ต์›์งˆ์€ ์ƒํ”ผ์™€ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ์กฐ์ง๊ฐ„์„ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ์‹œ์ผœ ์คŒ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์š”์†Œ์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ƒํ”ผ์กฐ์ง์„ ์ง€์ง€ํ•ด ์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋กœ ์ž‘์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  laminin์€ ์ œ 4ํ˜• ๊ต์›์งˆ๊ณผ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋ถ€์œ„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด ์„ธํฌ์˜ ๋ถ€์ฐฉ, ์ด๋™, ์„ฑ์žฅ๊ณผ ๋ถ„ํ™” ๋“ฑ์— ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ์„ธํฌ๋ฐฐ์–‘๋ฒ•์€ ํ‰๋ฉด์ƒ์—์„œ ์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ์–‘ํ•˜๊ณ , ์ƒํ”ผ ํ•˜๋ฐฉ์˜ ๊ฒฐ์ฒด์กฐ์ง์˜ ๊ฒฐ์—ฌ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ƒํ”ผ ์„ธํฌ-๊ฒฐ์ฒด์กฐ์ง ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ์ด ์—†์–ด ๊ธฐ์ €๋ง‰๊ณผ ์ƒํ”ผ์˜ ๊ทน์„ฑ์ด ํ˜•์„ฑ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋ฐฐ์ง€์†์—์„œ ์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ์–‘ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• (submerged culture)์„ ์ทจํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด ์ฆ์‹ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ €์„ธํฌ์˜ ์ฆ์‹์„ ์œ ๋„ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ƒ์ฒด์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ฆ์‹๊ณผ ๋ถ„ํ™”๊ฐ€ ํ‰ํ˜•์„ ์ด๋ฃฌ ์ž…์ฒด์ ์ธ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ์ด๋ฃฐ ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์—†๋‹ค. ์ด์— ์ €์ž๋Š” ํ•˜๋ถ€ ๊ฒฐ์ฒด ์กฐ์ง๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ air-liquid interfaceํ™˜๊ฒฝ์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๊ธฐ์ €๋ง‰์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์„ฑ๋ถ„์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•ด ์คŒ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๋ณด๋‹ค ์ƒ์ฒด์™€ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•œ ์กฐ๊ฑด์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ผ์ฐจ์›์ ์ธ ์ƒํ”ผ์„ธํฌ ๋ฐฐ์–‘๋ฒ•์„ ํ™•๋ฆฝํ•˜๊ณ  ์ด์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœํ•™์ , ๋ฉด์—ญ์กฐ์งํ™”ํ•™์  ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ •์ƒ ์ ๋ง‰๊ณผ ๋น„๊ต ๋ถ„์„ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์  ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ ์ ˆํ•œ ๋ฐฐ์–‘์กฐ๊ฑด์„ ์ฐพ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ fetal bovine serum(FBS)์˜ ๋†๋„๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์žฌ๊ฑด๋œ ์ƒํ”ผ์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœํ•™์  ๋ถ„์„(๊ด‘ํ•™ํ˜„๋ฏธ๊ฒฝ, ์ „์žํ˜„๋ฏธ๊ฒฝ์  ๋ถ„์„)๊ณผ ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์  ๋ถ„์„(์ฆ์‹ ํ‘œ์ง€์ž, ๋ถ„ํ™”ํ‘œ์ง€์ž์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฉด์—ญ์กฐ์งํ™”ํ•™์—ผ์ƒ‰)์„ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์–ป์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1. ์ œ 4ํ˜• ๊ต์›์งˆ๊ณผ laminin์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ์ €๋ง‰์„ ์žฌ๊ฑด์‹œ์ผœ ์ฃผ๊ณ  10% FBS์—์„œ ์„ธํฌ๋ฐฐ์–‘์„ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ •์ƒ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ• ์ ๋ง‰ ์ƒํ”ผ์™€ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•œ ๊ด‘ํ•™ ํ˜„๋ฏธ๊ฒฝ์  ๋ฐ ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์  ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋ฉฐ ์ „์žํ˜„๋ฏธ๊ฒฝ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ์ €ํŒ๊ณผ ๋ฐ˜๊ต์†Œ์ฒด์˜ ํ˜•์„ฑ์ด ๊ด€์ฐฐ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 2. FBS์˜ ๋†๋„๊ฐ€ ๋‚ฎ์„์ˆ˜๋ก ํ”ผ๋ถ€์กฐ์ง๊ณผ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•œ ์ง„์„ฑ๊ฐํ™” ์ค‘์ธต ํŽธํ‰์ƒํ”ผ์กฐ์ง์ด ์œ ๋„๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ 10% FBS์—์„œ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ•์ ๋ง‰๊ณผ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•œ ๋ถ€์ „๊ฐํ™” ์ค‘์ธต ํŽธํ‰์ƒํ”ผ์กฐ์ง์ด ํ˜•์„ฑ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ €๋ง‰์„ ์žฌ๊ฑดํ•˜์—ฌ ์ƒํ”ผ-๊ฒฐ์ฒด์กฐ์ง ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์œ ๋„ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์ƒ์ฒด์™€ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•œ ์ƒํ”ผ์กฐ์ง์„ ์žฌํ˜„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์žฌํ˜„๋œ ์ƒํ”ผ์กฐ์ง์€ ์ƒ์ฒด์™€ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•œ ํ˜•ํƒœํ•™์  ๋ฐ ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์  ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์–ด ๊ตฌ๊ฐ•์ ๋ง‰ ์ƒํ”ผ๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” ์•”๋ฐœ์ƒ๊ณผ์ •์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์™€ ์ƒ์ฒด๊ณตํ•™์„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์œ ์šฉํ•œ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋กœ ํ™œ์šฉ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ๋ฃŒ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. [์˜๋ฌธ] Interaction between mesenchymal and epithelial elements is important in the development of many organ systems and the extracellular matrix is a complex intercellular glue components of which are produced and secreted by the cells that make up a given tissue. In the epithelial tissue, the basement membrane composed of type โ…ฃ collagen, laminin, fibronectin and several proteoglycan is well known to play the important role of epithelial growth and differentiation. The development of in vitro model replicating normal oral mucosa must be useful to the field of tissue engeneering and the investigation of oral carcinogenesis. Therefore, this study was aimed to reconstruct in vitro model which is capable of both cellular proliferation and differentiation, compared to normal oral mucosa. Primary culture cells were reconstructed 3-dimensionally focusing on the application of basement membrane components. Normal oral mucosa was obtained from the gingival tissue when the 3rd molars were extracted. Primary culture was done using mitomycin c treated swiss 3T3 fibroblast feeder layer. Cells were grown submerged in E media for 7 days and floated at air-liquid interface for 15 days on 12mm millicell. To investigate whether basement membrane components affect on epithelial differentiation, type โ…ฃ collagen or laminin or both of them were added when raft culture was done. Cultured tissues were examined by light microscopically and ultrastructurally, compared to normal oral mucosa. Cytokeratin pattern was examined with cytokeratin 14, 10/13 and involucrin immunohistochemically. Proliferative activity was analyzed by immunohistochemical staining with proliferative cell nuclear antigen(PCNA). The results are as follows : 1. When cultured with both type โ…ฃ collagen and laminin, the tissue displayed basal cell polarity and parakeratinization characteristic of normal oral mucosa. The expression of cytokeratins and involucrin in the cultured tissue showed the same pattern with normal oral mucosa. Ultrastructurally, the basal lamina with hemidesmosome was clearly found with abundant desmosomes and tonofilaments in the raft culture tissue. 2. When cultured in 0.5%, 1% FBS media, the culture tissue showed orthokeratinization simulating normal skin tissue, while the cultured epithelium in E media containing 10% FBS demonstrated parakeratinized epithelium similar to normal mucosa. Based on these results, the raft culture using both type โ…ฃ collagen and laminin successfully reconstructs 3-D in vitro model replicating normal oral mucosa morphologically and biologically. This 3-D model is thought to be useful to study of carcinogenesis and tissue engineering in oral mucosa.restrictio

    (A) study for related factors of stage in patients with cervical cancer.

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    ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธํ•™๊ณผ/์„์‚ฌ[ํ•œ๊ธ€] ์ž๊ถ๊ฒฝ๋ถ€์•”์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ์˜ ์—ฌ์„ฑ ์•” ์ค‘ ๋†’์€ ๋ฐœ์ƒ์œจ๊ณผ ์‚ฌ๋ง๋ฅ ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ์งˆ๋ณ‘์œผ๋กœ์„œ ์กฐ๊ธฐ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜๋ฉด ์ง„ํ–‰๋œ ๋ณ‘๊ธฐ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์ง„์ „์„ ๋ง‰๊ณ  ์น˜๋ฃŒ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์•”์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ž๊ถ๊ฒฝ๋ถ€์•”์€ ์ „์•” ๋‹จ๊ณ„์ธ ์ƒํ”ผ๋‚ด์•”์„ ๊ฑฐ์ณ ์นจ์œค์•”์œผ๋กœ ์ดํ™˜๋˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์ด ๊ธธ์ง€๋งŒ, ์ž๊ถ๊ฒฝ๋ถ€์•” ์ง„ํ–‰๋œ ๋ณ‘๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ง„๋‹จ ๋ฐ›์„ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์‚ฌ๋ง๋ฅ ๊ณผ ์•” ์žฌ๋ฐœ๋ฅ ์ด ๋†’๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ž๊ถ๊ฒฝ๋ถ€์•” ํ™˜์ž๋“ค์˜ ๋ณ‘๊ธฐ ๊ด€๋ จ ์š”์ธ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ดˆ๊ธฐ๋ณ‘๊ธฐ์— ํ™˜์ž๋“ค์ด ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž ์„ ๋ณ„์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ดˆ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค.๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” 2002๋…„ 10์›” 1์ผ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 11์›” 31์ผ๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋„์— ์†Œ์žฌํ•œ N ์•”์„ผํ„ฐ์—์„œ ์ž๊ถ๊ฒฝ๋ถ€์•” ์ง„๋‹จ์„ ๋ฐ›์€ ํ™˜์ž 212๋ช…์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์กฐํ™”๋œ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์ง€๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ผ๋Œ€์ผ ๋ฉด์ ‘๊ณผ ์ž๊ฐ€ ๊ธฐ๋ก์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์งˆ๋ฌธ์ง€์˜ ๋‚ด์šฉ์€ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž๋“ค์˜ ์ธ๊ตฌ์‚ฌํšŒํ•™์  ํŠน์„ฑ, ์‚ฐ๋ถ€์ธ๊ณผ์  ํŠน์„ฑ๊ณผ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•ํ–‰์œ„๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜์ง‘๋œ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋Š” ๋ถ€ํ˜ธํ™”ํ•˜์—ฌ SPSS ver11.0์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ํ†ต๊ณ„ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ์„œ์ˆ  ํ†ต๊ณ„, 2-test, Pearson Correlation, ๋‹จ๊ณ„์  ๋‹ค์ค‘ ํšŒ๊ท€๋ถ„์„์„ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค.1. ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž์˜ ๋ณ‘๊ธฐ ๋ถ„ํฌ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋ฉด ์ƒํ”ผ๋‚ด์•”์œผ๋กœ ์ง„๋‹จ๋ฐ›์€ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž๊ฐ€ 33%, ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ๋ณ‘๊ธฐ 35.4%, ์ง„ํ–‰๋œ ๋ณ‘๊ธฐ 31.6%์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. 2. ์ธ๊ตฌ์‚ฌํšŒํ•™์  ํŠน์„ฑ ์ค‘ ์—ฐ๋ น, ๊ต์œก์ˆ˜์ค€, ๊ฒฐํ˜ผ์—ฐ๋ น์—์„œ ์ž๊ถ๊ฒฝ๋ถ€์•” ๋ณ‘๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์˜ ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ์ง„ํ–‰๋œ ๋ณ‘๊ธฐ๋กœ ์ง„๋‹จ๋ฐ›์€ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž์— ๋น„ํ•ด ์—ฐ๋ น์ด ๋†’์•˜๊ณ (X2=47.601, P=.000), ๊ต์œก์ˆ˜์ค€์ด ๋‚ฎ์•˜์œผ๋ฉฐ( X2=16.388,P=.000), ๊ฒฐํ˜ผ ์—ฐ๋ น์ด ๋‚ฎ์•˜๋‹ค( X2=22.965, P=.000). 3. ์‚ฐ๋ถ€์ธ๊ณผ์  ํŠน์„ฑ ์ค‘ ํ๊ฒฝ์—ฌ๋ถ€, ์ฒซ ์ž„์‹  ์—ฐ๋ น์—์„œ ์ž๊ถ๊ฒฝ๋ถ€์•” ๋ณ‘๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์˜ ์œ ์˜ํ•œ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์ง„ํ–‰๋œ ๋ณ‘๊ธฐ๋กœ ์ง„๋‹จ๋ฐ›์€ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž๋ณด๋‹ค ํ๊ฒฝํ›„๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋” ๋งŽ์•˜์œผ๋ฉฐ( X2=49.161, P=.000), ์ž„์‹ ์—ฐ๋ น์ด ๋” ๋นจ๋ž๋‹ค( X2= 16.220, P=.003). 4. ๊ฑด๊ฐ•ํ–‰์œ„์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์Šต๊ด€ ์ค‘ ์ˆ˜๋ฉด์‹œ๊ฐ„์—์„œ ์ž๊ถ๊ฒฝ๋ถ€์•” ๋ณ‘๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์˜ ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค( X2=14.201, P=.001). ์งˆ๋ณ‘๊ด€๋ จ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•ํ–‰์œ„์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ์„ธํฌ์ง„ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๋ ฅ, ์ฒซ ์„ฑ๊ต์—ฐ๋ น, ๊ฒฝ๊ตฌ ํ”ผ์ž„์•ฝ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋ ฅ์—์„œ ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰ ์ง„ํ–‰๋œ ๋ณ‘๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ง„๋‹จ๋ฐ›์€ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ณ‘๊ธฐ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž์— ๋น„ํ•ด ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์— ์„ธํฌ์ง„ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์€ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์ด ์—†์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ,( X2=26.124, P=.000) ์ฒซ ์„ฑ๊ต์—ฐ๋ น์ด ๋นจ๋ž๊ณ ( X2=20.461, P=.000), ๊ฒฝ๊ตฌ ํ”ผ์ž„์•ฝ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ๋” ๋งŽ์•˜๋‹ค( X2=16.029 P=.000). 5. ์—ฐ๋ น, ๊ต์œก์ˆ˜์ค€, ๊ฒฐํ˜ผ์—ฐ๋ น, ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ์„ธํฌ์ง„ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๋ ฅ, ์ดˆ ์ž„์‹ ์—ฐ๋ น, ์ฒซ ์„ฑ๊ต์—ฐ๋ น, ํ๊ฒฝ์—ฌ๋ถ€, ๊ฒฝ๊ตฌํ”ผ์ž„์•ฝ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋ ฅ์„ ์ฃผ์š”๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋กœ ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ž๊ถ๊ฒฝ๋ถ€์•” ์˜ํ–ฅ์š”์ธ์„ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์—ฐ๋ น์ด 23.8%, ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ์„ธํฌ์ง„ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๋ ฅ 7.7%, ํ”ผ์ž„์•ฝ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋ ฅ์ด 3.7%, ์ฒซ ์„ฑ๊ต์—ฐ๋ น์ด 1.6%๋ฅผ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž์˜ ์—ฐ๋ น, ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ์„ธํฌ์ง„ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๋ ฅ, ๊ฒฝ๊ตฌ ํ”ผ์ž„์•ฝ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋ ฅ๊ณผ ์ฒซ ์„ฑ๊ต์—ฐ๋ น์ด ์ž๊ถ๊ฒฝ๋ถ€์•” ๋ณ‘๊ธฐ์˜ ์ฃผ์š”ํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ์š”์ธ์œผ๋กœ ์ œ์‹œ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค.์ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ์ž๊ถ๊ฒฝ๋ถ€์•”์˜ ์ง„ํ–‰๋œ ๋ณ‘๊ธฐ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์ง„๋‹จ์„ ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ์ž๊ถ๊ฒฝ๋ถ€์•” ๊ณ ์œ„ํ—˜ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž๋ฅผ ์„ ๋ณ„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ดˆ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ฉฐ ๋” ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ€ ์ง€์—ญ์‚ฌํšŒ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ž๊ถ๊ฒฝ๋ถ€์•” ์กฐ๊ธฐ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ต์œก๊ณผ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์˜ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”๊ฐ€ ์š”๊ตฌ๋˜์–ด์ง„๋‹ค. [์˜๋ฌธ] The purpose of this study was to identify related factors of stage in patients with cervical cancer. The questionnaire was developed by the researcher based on the literature review and consultation with experts nurse educators and practitioners in obstetrical and gynecological nursing. In order to modify the content or items of questionnaire, the pilot study was done with a total of 15 women.This study was prospective study in terms of design. 212 women were recruited from large cancer center in kyong-gi do, Korea over 2 months. Data were analysed by chi-square test, Pearson correlation, multiple regression using SPSS ver 11.0.The results of this study were as follows;1. The subjects were divided into three stages of cervical cancer ; 33% in carcinoma in situ, 35.4% in early stage, 31.6% in late stage.2. There were significant difference in stage by subjects'' age,education, background, age at 1st marriage in general characteristics.3. There were significant difference in stage by subjects'' menopause status, age at 1st pregnancy, past experience in Pap smear testing in obstetric - gynecologic characteristics 4. There were significant difference in stage by subjects'' sleep pattern, age at first sexual intercourse, history of oral contraceptives in health behaviors 5. Age(23.8%), past experience in Pap smear testing (7.7%,) history of oral contraceptives(3.7%), and early age at first sexual intercourse(1.6%), explained the variation in stage.In conclusion, the results of this study suggest that nurses have to be aware of the variables in the high risk group in order to help in the prevention of late stage in cervical cancer. the women should be targeted for cervical cancer education and screening programs.ope

    Association study of coffee and tea consumption and clinical parameters in Korean population

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ) --์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :์˜ํ•™๊ณผ(์˜ˆ๋ฐฉ์˜ํ•™์ „๊ณต),2010.2.Maste

    ์ธ๋„๋ถ€ํŽ˜ ํ”„๋กœ์„ธ์Šค์˜ ์†Œ๊ฐœ ๋ฐ ๊ณ ์ฐจ์› ์ž๋ฃŒ์—์˜ ์ ์šฉ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ํ†ต๊ณ„ํ•™๊ณผ, 2016. 2. ์ด์žฌ์šฉ.์ž์œจํ•™์Šต์˜ ๋ชฉ์ ์€ ๊ด€์ธก์น˜๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ž ์žฌ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์ฐพ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์‹ค์ œ ์ž๋ฃŒ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ž ์žฌ๋ณ€์ˆ˜์˜ ๊ฐฏ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์•„๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์‰ฌ์šด ๊ณผ์ •์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์— ์ธ๋„๋ถ€ํŽ˜ ํ”„๋กœ์„ธ์Šค๋Š” ๊ฐ ๊ด€์ธก์น˜์— ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š” ํŠน์„ฑ๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋น„๋ชจ์ˆ˜ ์‚ฌ์ „๋ถ„ํฌ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜์—ฌ ์ž ์žฌ๋ณ€์ˆ˜์˜ ๊ฐฏ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์ถ”๋ก  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋„๋ก ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ธ๋„๋ถ€ํŽ˜ ํ”„๋กœ์„ธ์Šค๋ฅผ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ์ธ๋„๋ถ€ํŽ˜ ํ”„๋กœ์„ธ์Šค๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ์ถ”๋ก ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ธ ๊น์Šคํ‘œ์ง‘ ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜, ๊ฐ€์†๊น์Šคํ‘œ์ง‘ ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜ ๋“ฑ์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ณ  ๊ฐ€์†๊น์Šคํ‘œ์ง‘ ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์ ์šฉํ•ด๋ณธ๋‹ค.The goal of unsupervised learning is to identify hidden features from observations. However, it is difficult to specifying the number of hidden features in many real-world datasets. Hereupon, the Indian Buffet Process(IBP) provides a nonparametric prior on the features present in each observation. In this paper, we introduce the Indian Buffet Process using various inference techniques. We then present inference techniques for the Indian Buffet Process such as gibbs sampling and accelerated sampling. Also, using accelerated sampling, we analyze some image datasets.Chapter 1 ์„œ๋ก  1 Chapter 2 ์ธ๋„๋ถ€ํŽ˜ ํ”„๋กœ์„ธ์Šค ์ด๋ก  4 2.1.๋ถ€ํŽ˜๊ตฌ์กฐ 5 2.2. ๋ฌดํ•œ๊ทนํ•œ๊ตฌ์กฐ 8 2.3. ๋ง‰๋Œ€์ž๋ฅด๊ธฐ๊ตฌ์กฐ 9 2.4. ๋ฒ ํƒ€-๋ฒ ๋ฅด๋ˆ„์ด๊ตฌ์กฐ 11 Chapter 3 ์ถ”๋ก  13 3.1. ๊น์Šคํ‘œ์ง‘์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜ 13 3.2. ๊ฐ€์†๊น์Šคํ‘œ์ง‘์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜ 16 3.3. ๊ทธ์™ธ์˜ํ‘œ์ง‘์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜ 19 Chapter 4 ๋ถ„์„ 20 4.1. ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์ž๋ฃŒ๋ถ„์„ 20 4.2. MNIST์ˆซ์ž์†๊ธ€์”จ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ถ„์„ 21 4.3. ์ดˆ๋ถ„๊ด‘์˜์ƒ๋ถ„์„ 25 Chapter 5 ๊ฒฐ๋ก  27 Bibliography 28 Abstract 30Maste

    Genetic mutation of transforming growth factor beta type II receptor in oral squamous cell carcinoma

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    Background and aim: The deregulation of transforming growth factor ฮฒ (TGF-ฮฒ) action and its signaling function has been a widely accepted concept in carcinogenesis. However, its dual roles, as a tumor suppressor gene and oncogene, have interfered in applying TGF-ฮฒ signaling to cancer therapeutics. To evaluate its role in the carcinogenesis of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), we performed mutational analysis of the TGF-ฮฒ type II receptor (TฮฒRII). Methods: Eighteen cases of OSCC were used for mutational analysis of TฮฒRII. Normal surgical margin, dysplastic lesion, invasive carcinoma and metastatic cancer cells into lymph node tissue were used. Exon-specific spanning primers of exon 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 of TฮฒRII were used for the mutational analysis. Results: A single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) at the codon 191 was found in 8 cases. The genetic mutations were mainly found in exon 4 through dysplastic areas, carcinoma and metastatic areas, which induced the structural change or the alteration of hydrophobicity of the amino acid. Conclusions:TฮฒRII mutations occur frequently in exon 4 in OSCC and their functional significance should be provenope

    An Study of Linking Korean Language Arts' Curriculum to Key Competencies - With Focus on PISA2009 Assessment of Students Reading Literacy

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    ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” PISA 2009 ์ฝ๊ธฐ ์†Œ์–‘ ์‹œํ—˜ ๋ฐ ํ•™์ƒ ์„ค๋ฌธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ, ํ•ต์‹ฌ์—ญ๋Ÿ‰๊ณผ ๊ตญ์–ด๊ณผ ๊ต์œก๊ณผ์ •์˜ ์งโ€ง๊ฐ„์ ‘๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ตญ์–ด๊ต์œก์˜ ๊ณ„ํš๊ณผ ์‹คํ–‰์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์‹œ์‚ฌ์ ์„ ๋„์ถœํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ํ•ต์‹ฌ์—ญ๋Ÿ‰-PISA-๊ตญ์–ด๊ณผ ๊ต์œก๊ณผ์ • ์—ฐ๊ณ„ ํ‹€์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜๊ณ , ํ•ด๋‹น ์—ฐ๊ณ„ ํ‹€์ด PISA 2009 ์ฐธ์—ฌ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์˜ ์„ฑ์ทจ๋„ ์ˆ˜์ค€์„ ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ์ž˜ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•ด์ฃผ๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ์•Œ์•„๋ณด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ํŒ๋ณ„๋ถ„์„์„ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํŒ๋ณ„๋ถ„์„์€ ์ฝ๊ธฐ ์„ฑ์ทจ๋„ ์ƒยทํ•˜์œ„ ์ง‘๋‹จ์„ ์ž˜ ๋ณ€๋ณ„ํ•ด ์ค„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์š”์ธ๋“ค์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๊ณ , ์ด๋“ค ์š”์ธ์ด ์ƒยทํ•˜์œ„ ์ง‘๋‹จ ๋ณ€๋ณ„์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์ƒ๋Œ€์  ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์ ํ•ฉํ•œ ๋ถ„์„ ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ๊ตญ์–ด๊ณผ ๊ต์œก๊ณผ์ • ๋ฒ”์ฃผ์— ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์„ ๋‘” 6๊ฐœ์˜ ์„ฑ์ทจ๋„ ์ˆ˜์ค€ ์˜ˆ์ธก๋ชจํ˜•์€ ํ†ต๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์˜๋ฏธํ•  ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ, ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์˜ ์„ฑ์ทจ๋„ ์ˆ˜์ค€์„ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํŒ๋ณ„ํ•ด ์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ 6๊ฐœ ๊ตญ์–ด๊ณผ ๊ต์œก๊ณผ์ • ๋ฒ”์ฃผ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ์˜ˆ์ธก ๋ชจํ˜•์— ์†ํ•œ 31๊ฐœ ์˜ˆ์ธก ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋“ค์˜ ์ƒ๋Œ€์  ํŒ๋ณ„๋ ฅ์„ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜๊ณ , ํ•˜์œ„ ์ง‘๋‹จ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์˜ ๋ฒ”์ฃผ๋ณ„ ์ทจ์•ฝ์ ์„ ์ง„๋‹จํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋ฏธ์‹œ์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ํ•˜์œ„ ์ง‘๋‹จ์˜ ์ฝ๊ธฐ ์„ฑ์ทจ๋„ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ณด์ • ๊ต์œก ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ ๋งˆ๋ จ์—, ๊ฑฐ์‹œ์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์ฝ๊ธฐ ๊ด€๋ จ ํ•ต์‹ฌ์—ญ๋Ÿ‰ ๊ฐ•ํ™”๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ตญ์–ด๊ณผ ๊ต์œก๊ณผ์ • ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ ์ˆ˜๋ฆฝ์— ์œ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€๋œ๋‹ค.The present study aims to suggest implications for planning and implementation of Korean education by investigating the relationship between key competencies and Korean language arts curriculum on the basis of PISA 2009 results from the reading literacy assessment and the student questionnaire. In doing so, a framework for linking key competencies, PISA and Korean education was developed, and discriminant analyses were conducted to examine how successfully the framework could predict academic achievement in Korean language arts for students who participated in PISA 2009. As a result, all of six prediction models developed proved to be statistically significant, and showed a very high degree of accuracy of forecast about levels of students achievement. Testing the statistical significance of the prediction models was followed by an in-depth comparison among discriminant loadings of 31 predictors from the prediction models to diagnose what weak points lower achieving students have in each of curriculum categories. In conclusion, it is expected that the findings of the present study will not only help practitioners make informed decisions when setting up education plans to encourage lower achieving students reading achievement, but also offer government planners useful suggestions for redirecting the focus of Korean language arts curriculum to development of key competencies

    An Exploratory Study on Pilot Projects: The Ministry for Health, Welfare, and Family Affairs in Korea

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    ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์‹œ๋ฒ”์‚ฌ์—…์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ํƒ์ƒ‰์ ์ธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ด๋‹ค. ์‹œ๋ฒ”์‚ฌ์—…์€ "๋ณธ ์ •์ฑ…์˜ ์ „๋ฉด์ ์ธ ์ง‘ํ–‰์— ์•ž์„œ ์ •์ฑ…์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ์„ฑ์„ ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ณต๊ณต์ž์›์˜ ๋‚ญ๋น„ ๋“ฑ์„ ํ”ผํ•ด ์ •์ฑ…์˜ ํšจ์œจ์„ฑ์„ ๋†’์ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ, ํŠน์ • ์ •์ฑ…์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ๋‚˜ ์ž‘๋™๊ธฐ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์ „์— ์ธก์ • ๋˜๋Š” ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์—„๊ฒฉํ•œ ์‚ฌ์ „์„ค๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ง‘ํ–‰๋˜๋Š” ๋น„๊ต์  ์ž‘์€ ๊ทœ๋ชจ์˜ ์‚ฌ์—…"์œผ๋กœ ์ •์˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์‹œ๋ฒ”์‚ฌ์—…์˜ ์ •๋ถ€์˜ ์ „ ์˜์—ญ์—์„œ ๋„๋ฆฌ ์“ฐ์ด๊ณ  ์žˆ์Œ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ , ์ •์ฑ… ํ˜„์žฅ์ด๋‚˜ ์ •์ฑ…์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ๊ทธ๋™์•ˆ ์‹œ๋ฒ”์‚ฌ์—…์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ•™๋ฌธ์ , ์ฒด๊ณ„์ ์ธ ๋ถ„์„์€ ์†Œํ™€ํžˆ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ์˜์‹ํ•˜์— ์ด๋ก ์ ์ธ ์ฐจ์›์—์„œ๋Š” ์‹œ๋ฒ”์‚ฌ์—…์ด ์ฆ๊ฑฐ์— ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ํ•œ ์ •์ฑ…๊ณผ ์ •์ฑ…ํ•™์Šต์˜ ์ด๋ก ์  ํ‹€์—์„œ ์ดํ•ด๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์ฃผ์žฅํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์‹œ๋ฒ”์‚ฌ์—…์˜ ์ •์˜์™€ ์ •์ฑ…๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ์˜ ์œ„์ƒ, ๊ทธ ํŠน์ง•๊ณผ ์žฅ์• ์š”์ธ์„ ์ •๋ฆฌํ•˜๊ณ , ์‹œ๋ฒ”์‚ฌ์—…๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ๋ฒ•๋ น์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์•„์šธ๋Ÿฌ ์‹ค์ฆ๋ถ„์„์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ณด๊ฑด๋ณต์ง€๊ฐ€์กฑ๋ถ€ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋ฅผ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ์‹œ๋ฒ”์‚ฌ์—…์˜ ํ˜„ํ™ฉ, ๋‚ด์šฉ, ํ‰๊ฐ€๋ณด๊ณ ์„œ ๋“ฑ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์—ฌ, ์‹œ๋ฒ”์‚ฌ์—…์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ œ๋„์  ์žฅ์น˜์˜ ๋ฏธํก๊ณผ ํ‰๊ฐ€๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์˜ ์ฒด๊ณ„์  ๊ด€๋ฆฌ๋ถ€์ฑ„ ๋“ฑ์„ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์•„์šธ๋Ÿฌ ์‹œํ—˜์‚ฌ์—… ํ‰๊ฐ€์ฃผ์ฒด์˜ ๋…๋ฆฝ์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์œ„ํ˜‘๊ณผ ํ‰๊ฐ€์„ค๊ณ„์˜ ์ทจ์•ฝ์„ฑ ๋“ฑ๋„ ์ง€์ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. This research is an exploratory study on pilot projects. A pilot project is defined as a relatively small project implemented prior to a main project with the purpose of verifying the effectiveness and increasing the effiaency of the related plicy. Although pilot projects are widely implemented by various departments in Korea , there have been few studies and little analysis of them. It is suggested in this study that a pilot project could be better understood through the framework of evidence-based policy and policy learning. This paper provides a conceptual: design of pilot projects in the context of policy-processes and analyses characteristics of pilot projects. The factors which hamper proper evaluation of them are also discussed. Based on the theoretical framework, the pilot projects from the Ministry for Health, Welfare and Family Affairs in Korea are analyzed. The lack of institutiona1 arrangements and the inadequate management of evaluation results related to pilot projects were found. In addition, it was found that the independence of evduators is weakly protected and that evaluation designs are not strong enough to lead to sound conclusions.2009๋…„๋„ ์ •๋ถ€์žฌ์›(๊ต์œก๊ณผํ•™๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋ถ€ ์ธ๋ฌธ์‚ฌํšŒ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—ญ๋Ÿ‰๊ฐ•ํ™”์‚ฌ์—…๋น„)์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ๊ตญํ•™์ˆ ์ง„ํฅ์žฌ๋‹จ(KRF-2009-332-B00605)๊ณผ ์—ฐ์„ธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๊ต๋‚ด์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋น„(2009-1-0117)์˜ ์ง€์›์„ ๋ฐ›

    Snail transfection์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ๋ˆ„๋“œ๋งˆ์šฐ์Šค์—์„œ์˜ ์นจ์œค์„ฑ ์ข…์–‘ ํ˜•์„ฑ

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    Purpose: The purpose of this study is to investigate the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) induced by Snail transcription factor and Snailtransfected in vivo tumors with histopathological features. Materials and methods: We induced in vivo xenografted tumorigenesis in the oral vestibules of nude mice by a Snail transfected HaCaT cell line and investigated morphological and immunohistochemical features in Snail expressive tumors. Results: We identified tumor masses in 14 out of 15 nude mice in the HaCaT-Snail cell inoculation group, but no tumors were present in any of the HaCaT cell inoculation group. Induced tumors showed features of poorly differentiated carcinoma with invasion to neighboring muscles and bones. The HaCaT-Snail tumors showed decreased expressions of E-cadherin and cytokeratin, but showed increased expressions of vimentin and N-cadherin. Discussion: The Snail transfected xenograft can improve productivity of malignant tumors, show various histopathological features including invasive growth, and aid in the investigation of tumor progression and the interaction with surrounding tissues.ope
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