52 research outputs found
Construction and characterization of an improved recombinant baculovirus producing polyhedra that contain Bacillus thuringiensis Cry1Ac crystal protein
Thesis (master`s)--μμΈλνκ΅ λνμ :λμλͺ
곡νλΆ,2004.For the enhancement of insecticidal activity in wt AcNPV and the reduction of side-effect on
environment in recombinant baculovirus, an improved recombinant baculovirus, Autographa
californica nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcNPV) producing polyhedra with Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt)
Cry1Ac crystal protein and having a potential of returning to wt AcNPV in several passage, has
been constructed and characterized. The toxic domain of Bt cry1Ac gene was inserted between two
polyhedrin genes which were cloned in tandem into pBacPAK8 under the control of polyhedrin
promoter and the resulted construct, pBactrus was used as transfer vector. By the cotransfection
of parental virus, bAcGOZA and pBactrus, the recombinant baculovirus named as Bactrus was
constructed. SDS-PAGE and immunoblot analysis of polyhedra produced by Bactrus in insect cells
showed that it expressed a 130 kDa of fusion protein and what is more, 30 kDa of polyhedrin
resulted from a homologous recombinantion. The Bactrus produced recombinant polyhedra which were
nearly similar to those of wt AcNPV. The Insecticidal activity of recombinant polyhedra against
fall armyworm (Spodoptera exigua) larvae was similar to that of wt AcNPV, but for the
diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella) larvae, it showed a significantly higher pathogenicity in
comparison with those of wt AcNPV. In SDS-PAGE, expression level of fusion protein was decreased
along serial passage. But the decrease of fusion protein expression was smaller in Sf-9 cells
infected with Bactrus passaged at 10 multiplicity of infection (MOI) than that passaged at 1 MOI.
Also insecticidal activity of recombinant polyhedra produced by the Bactrus passaged at 1 and 10
MOI against P. xylostella larvae was decreased along serial passage with similar trend to the
result in SDS-PAGE.
The production of recombinant polyhedra by the Bactrus was examined with Sf-9, Sf-21, Tn5, Se301
and High-Five cells with monolayer and suspension culture system. In monolayer culture, the
largest amount of fusion protein was expressed in Se301 cells. However the highest expression
of fusion protein in suspension culture was observed in High-Five cells when infected with 5 MOI
and the optimal cell density on time of infection was 3.0Γ105 cells per ml.Maste
(The) identification of hospital administrative problems in the health insurance system in Korea
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κ³Όμ μλ£λ³΄νκ³Ό κ΄λ ¨λ μ λ° ν΅κ³ μλ£λ₯Ό μ 리 λΆμνμ¬ μλ£λ³΄ν λμ
μ΄ νμ μμ μ΄λ
ν λ¬Έμ λ₯Ό μΌκΈ°μν€λκ°λ₯Ό μ°κ΅¬νμλ€. μ°κ΅¬λμ΄μ§ κ²°κ³Όλ λλ΅ λ€μκ³Ό κ°λ€.
1. μλ£λ³΄ν μ²κ΅¬μ μμ±μ 1κ±΄λΉ μ΅μ νκ· μμ μκ°μ 49λΆμ΄λ€. μ΄λ μΌλ°νμ κΈ°
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μκ°μλ μ΄λ λ³μ μ΄μλ©΄μλ μν₯μ λ―ΈμΉκ³ μμμ΄ λ°κ²¬λμλ€.
μ¦ μλ£λ³΄νμ λμ
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무λ₯Ό μ λ΄νκ²ν΄μΌ
νλ€λ κ³ΌμΈμ λ¬Έμ λ₯Ό μΌκΈ°μμΌ°λ€.
2. μλ£λ³΄ν λμ
κ³Ό κ΄λ ¨νμ¬ λ³μ μ΄μλΉμ μ€μ¬μ΄ λλ μΈκ±΄λΉ μ§μΆμ λΆμν κ²°κ³Ό,
μλ£λ³΄ν λ΄λΉ μ¬λ¬΄μ§μμ μΈκ±΄λΉκ° μλ£λ³΄ν μμ
μ΄μ‘μ 15% μ λ λμ ꡬμ±λΉλ₯Ό λν
λλ€.
3. μλ£λ³΄ν μμ§μμ 25%κ° λ³ΈμΈ λΆλ΄κΈ 600μ λ―Έλ§μ΄λ€. μ΄λ€μ μ’
ν©λ³μμ μ€μ§μμ
λ μΉλ£ κ°λ₯ν μ§λ³μ΄λ€.
μ¦ μ΄λ€μ μ§λ³λͺ
μ 95%κ° βκ΄μ°°βμ΄λΌλ μ§λ³λͺ
μ κ°κ³ μμλ€.
4. μ¦μλΆ νμλ μ€μ΄λ€κ³ (47%), μλ£λ³΄ν, μλ£λ³΄νΈ, μ°μ¬λ³΄ν, μλ차보νλ± νμλΆ
νμλ λμ΄λκ³ μλ€(53%).
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μ΄μΌ ν κ²μΌλ‘ μ¬λ£λλ€.
[μλ¬Έ]
The health insurance, unlike other insurances, is composed of three parties: the
insurer, the subscribers and the health care providers. The health card insurance
as a segment of the entire national social welfare requires two major criteria: the
equitable development of the economic standards where insurees are capable of
organizing a body for their purposes, and the availability of the health care
resources.
The Korean health insurance, only two years old, has subscribers covering 21 per
cent of entire population, Considering the short history of the programs, it
satisfactorily achieved the first requirement mentioned above. However, the second
requirement needs a much improvements and readjustment. Some of the problems
indicated by the study are: lack of health care facilities and its geographical
maldistribution, low rate of reimbursement costs, and the claims process in both
workload and paper-work flows. The delayed reimbursement caused additional manpower
of clerical personnel and the financial burden to the health care institutions.
The purpose of this study is to find and analyze the hospital administrative
problem areas of the current health insurance system, and to seek its solutions.
The objectives were to identify problems and the causes of such problem in the
process from the patients registration to the mailing out the bills for the
reimbursement. The research was based on the actual experience in the "W" hospital,
a 200 bed general hospital.
The process of the study included interviews with all related clerical personnel
in all levels, analysis of the paperwork process, and the personal observations
throughout the entire process. The necessary data were retrieved, analyzed, and
concluded with the following findings.
1. Minimum time to complete on billing required 49 minutes.
2. The cost of the personnel hired exclusively for the insurance billing showed a
15 per cent of total amount billed.
3. A 25 per cent of the beneficiaries visited the outpatient clinic paid less
than 600 won the minimum deductable amount.
4. The proportion of cash-payment and billing patients showed 47 and 53 per cent
respectively.
The author suggests a readjustment and simplification of the paperwork process
are absolutely necessary for the efficiency and the effectiveness for the more
successful insurance programs in the future.restrictio
Brand loyalty, product differentiation, and competition
Thesis(master`s)--μμΈλνκ΅ λνμ :κ²½μ νλΆ κ²½μ νμ 곡,2004.Maste
μ£Όμ λ λλ₯κ°λκ° μν΅ μ£Όμμ λ¬Όμ§μ λ¬μ λ―ΈμΉλ μν₯μ κ΄ν μ°κ΅¬
νμλ
Όλ¬Έ(μμ¬)--μμΈλνκ΅ λνμ :κΈ°κ³κ³΅νκ³Ό,1997.Maste
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