41 research outputs found

    ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค์˜ ๊ณ ๋ น์ž ๊ณ ์šฉ์ •์ฑ…

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    โ—‹ ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค์˜ ๊ณ ๋ นํ™” ์ถ”์„ธ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์Šค๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ์ƒํ™ฉ์ด๋ฉฐ, ์œ ๋Ÿฝ์˜ ์—ฌ๋Š ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์— ๋น„ํ•ด 55์„ธ ์ด์ƒ ๊ณ ๋ น์ž์˜ ๊ณ ์šฉ๋ฅ ์ด ๋งค์šฐ ๋‚ฎ์•„ ๊ณ ๋ น์ž ๊ณ ์šฉ ์œ ์ง€ ๋ฐ ์žฌ์ทจ์—… ์ •์ฑ…์„ ์ ๊ทน์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ถ”์ง„ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Œ. โ—‹ ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค ๊ณ ๋ น์ž ๊ณ ์šฉ์ •์ฑ…์˜ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฐ ์žฅ์ ์€ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€, ๊ธฐ์—…, ์ง€์—ญ์‚ฌํšŒ ๋ฐ ๊ฐœ์ธ ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ท ํ˜• ์žกํžŒ ์—ญํ•  ๋ถ„๋‹ด์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ. โ—‹ ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค ๊ณ ๋ น์ž ๊ณ ์šฉ์ •์ฑ…์€ใ€Œ2006-2010 ๊ณ ๋ น์ž ์ผ์ž๋ฆฌ ์ •์ฑ… ์ข…ํ•ฉ๊ณ„ํšใ€์— ์—ด๊ฑฐ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์Œ. - ๋™ ๊ณ„ํš์—๋Š” 1)์‚ฌํšŒ๋ฌธํ™”์  ์ธ์‹ ๊ฐœ์„  ์ •์ฑ…, 2)๊ณ ๋ น์ž ์ผ์ž๋ฆฌ ์œ ์ง€ ์žฅ๋ ค ์ •์ฑ…, 3)๊ณ ๋ น์ž ์žฌ์ทจ์—… ์ด‰์ง„ ์ •์ฑ…, 4)๊ณ ๋ น์ž ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ์ •์ฑ…์ด ํฌํ•จ. โ—‹ 50์ธ ์ด์ƒ ๊ธฐ์—…์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ๊ณ ๋ น์ž ๊ณ ์šฉ๊ณ„ํš ์ˆ˜๋ฆฝ ์˜๋ฌด๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€๊ณผ. - ํ•ด๋‹น ๊ธฐ์—…์€ ๊ณ ๋ น์ž ๊ณ ์šฉ๊ณ„ํš์„ ์ž์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ˆ˜๋ฆฝํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜, ๊ณ ๋ น์ž ๊ณ ์šฉ๊ณ„ํš์„ ํฌํ•จํ•œ ์‚ฐ๋ณ„ ๋…ธ์‚ฌํ˜‘์ •์„ ์˜๋ฌด์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ œ์ถœํ•ด์•ผ ํ•จ. ์œ„๋ฐ˜ ์‹œ ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ์ œ์ œ ์กฐ์น˜๊ฐ€ ๋”ฐ๋ฆ„. - ๋™ ๊ณ„ํš์€ 1)๊ณ ๋ น์ž ์ฑ„์šฉ, 2)์ง์—…๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ, 3)๊ทผ๋กœ์กฐ๊ฑด ๊ฐœ์„ , 4)๋Šฅ๋ ฅ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ๋ฐ ๊ต์œกํ›ˆ๋ จ ๊ธฐํšŒ, 4)ํ‡ด์ง ์ „ ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ ์กฐ์ • ๋ฐ ํ‡ด์ง์œผ๋กœ์˜ ์ดํ–‰, 5)์ง€์‹๊ณผ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ ์ „์ˆ˜ ๋ฐ ํŠœํ„ฐ์ œ ํ™•๋Œ€ ์ค‘์—์„œ ์ ์–ด๋„ 3๊ฐ€์ง€๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๊ฐ ์˜์—ญ๋ณ„๋กœ ์ตœ์†Œ 1๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ด์ƒ์˜ ์–‘์  ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋ฅผ ์ œ์‹œํ•ด์•ผ ํ•จ. โ—‹ ์ง€์—ญ์‚ฌํšŒ์™€ ๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ์—ญํ• ์€ใ€Œโ€œ๋…ธ๋…„ ์ž˜ ๋ณด๋‚ด๊ธฐโ€ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๊ณ„ํšใ€์— ๋‹ด๊ฒจ์ ธ ์žˆ์Œ. - ํ‡ด์ง ์ดํ›„์˜ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์œ„๊ธฐ ์š”์ธ ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉ, ๊ฑด๊ฐ• ์œ ์ง€ ๋ฐ ์˜ฌ๋ฐ”๋ฅธ ์˜์•ฝํ’ˆ ์‚ฌ์šฉ, ์„ธ๋Œ€ ๊ฐ„ ์—ฐ๋Œ€ํ™œ๋™ ์žฅ๋ ค ํ™œ๋™ ๋“ฑ์„ ๊ณจ์ž๋กœ ํ•จ โ… . ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค์˜ ๊ณ ๋ น์ž ํ˜„ํ™ฉ โ…ก. ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค์˜ ๊ณ ๋ น์ž ๊ณ ์šฉ์ •์ฑ… 1. ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค ์ •๋ถ€์˜ ใ€Œ2006-2010 ๊ณ ๋ น์ž ์ผ์ž๋ฆฌ ์ •์ฑ… ์ข…ํ•ฉ๊ณ„ํšใ€ 2. 50์ธ ์ด์ƒ ๊ธฐ์—…์˜ ๊ณ ๋ น์ž ๊ณ ์šฉ๊ณ„ํš ์ˆ˜๋ฆฝ ์˜๋ฌดํ™” ์ •์ฑ… 3. ใ€Œ"๋…ธ๋…„ ์ž˜ ๋ณด๋‚ด๊ธฐ" ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๊ณ„ํš 2007-2009ใ€ ์ˆ˜๋ฆฝ โ…ข. ์‹œ์‚ฌ

    A Study of Underweight Adolescents Characteristics and Health Promotion by Applying Data Mining Techniques

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    The purpose of this paper is to describe general characteristics of underweight adolescents and to search for ways to promote the health of underweight adolescents through assessing health related factors by using data mining techniques. The study sampled(n=4352) 1,180 underweight(BMI<18.5) and 3,172 average weight (18.5<=BMI<23) adolescents, 10th grade students in Seoul, 2000, and investigated the differences between two groups. Related variables were input in a decision tree and an association rule of SAS E-Miner. The most predictable model was CART. In frequency, the proportion of underweight adolescents was higher on the south of the Han-river than on the northern side; but in association rule, associated variables with high support rate and confidence rate were females, north of Han-river, and scoliosis. Therefore, approaches for health promotion of underweight adolescents are not only intervention of physical health, but also the education of proper weight perception to prevent low birth weight and underweight adolescents because motherโ€™s education and c h i l dโ€™s low birth weight are related to underweight adolescents. In conclusion, the following sample groups in Seoul are suggested: female adolescents with scoliosis on the north of Han-river in Seoul.ope

    Physical activity changes and risk of mortality from cardiovascular disease

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    ๋ณด๊ฑดํ•™๊ณผ/๋ฐ•์‚ฌ[ํ•œ๊ธ€] ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ชฉ์ ์€ ์šด๋™์Šต๊ด€๊ณผ ์‹ฌํ˜ˆ๊ด€์งˆํ™˜ ์œ„ํ—˜์š”์ธ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์  ๊ด€๋ จ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์šด๋™์Šต๊ด€๋ณ€ํ™”์™€ ์‚ฌ๋ง์˜ ๊ด€๋ จ์„ฑ์„ ๊ทœ๋ช…ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ 1990๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 2002๋…„๊นŒ์ง€์˜ KMIC(Korea Medical Insurance Corporation) study๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Œ€์ƒ์€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์‹œ์ž‘์‹œ์ ์ธ 1990๋…„ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•๊ฒ€์ง„์— ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•œ 35์„ธ์—์„œ 44์„ธ๊นŒ์ง€์˜ ๋‚จ์„ฑ 54,237 ๋ช…์ด๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ์šด๋™์Šต๊ด€๊ณผ ์‹ฌํ˜ˆ๊ด€์งˆํ™˜ ์œ„ํ—˜์š”์ธ์˜ ๋‹จ๋ฉด์  ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋ณธ ํ›„, ์‹ฌํ˜ˆ๊ด€์งˆํ™˜์œ„ํ—˜์š”์ธ์˜ ์ˆ˜์ค€๋ณ€ํ™”๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์šด๋™์Šต๊ด€์ด ๋ณ€ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€, ๋˜ํ•œ ์šด๋™์Šต๊ด€์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์‹ฌํ˜ˆ๊ด€์งˆํ™˜ ์œ„ํ—˜์š”์ธ์ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ์•Œ์•„๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์šด๋™์Šต๊ด€๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ๋ง์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์•Œ๊ธฐ์œ„ํ•ด 1992๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 1996๋…„๊นŒ์ง€์˜ ๋ฐ˜๋ณต ์ธก์ •๋œ ์šด๋™์Šต๊ด€์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž๋ฅผ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ํ•œ ํ›„, ์ฝ•์Šค์˜ ๋น„๋ก€์œ„ํ—˜ํšŒ๊ท€๋ชจํ˜•์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์‚ฌ๋ง์˜ ์œ„ํ—˜๋„๋ฅผ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ๋ง์˜ ์ถ”์ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์€ 1997๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 2002๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ 6๋…„๊ฐ„์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ์ฒซ์งธ, ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์‹œ์ž‘์‹œ์ ์—์„œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž์˜ ํ‰๊ท ๋‚˜์ด๋Š” 39.2์„ธ ์ด์—ˆ๊ณ , 25.8%๋งŒ์ด ๊ทœ์น™์ ์ธ ์šด๋™์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทœ์น™์ ์ธ ์šด๋™์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž๋Š” ์šด๋™์„ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž์— ๋น„ํ•ด ์ˆ˜์ถ•๊ธฐ ๋ฐ ์ด์™„๊ธฐ ํ˜ˆ์••, BMI์˜ ํ‰๊ท ์ด ๋” ๋†’์•˜๊ณ (p<0.0001), ํก์—ฐ์ด๋‚˜ ์Œ์ฃผ ๋“ฑ์˜ ์ƒํ™œ์Šต๊ด€์€ ๋” ๊ธ์ •์ ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‘˜์งธ, ์šด๋™์Šต๊ด€๊ณผ ์‹ฌํ˜ˆ๊ด€์งˆํ™˜ ์œ„ํ—˜์š”์ธ๊ณผ์˜ ๋‹จ๋ฉด์  ๊ด€๊ณ„์—์„œ ์—ฐ๋ น์„ ํ†ต์ œํ•œ ํ›„์—๋„ ๊ณ ํ˜ˆ์••, ๋‹น๋‡จ๋ณ‘, ๋น„๋งŒ์˜ ์œ ๋ณ‘์œจ์ด ์šด๋™์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž๊ฐ€ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž์— ๋น„ํ•ด ์•ฝ 1.1๋ฐฐ ๋” ๋†’์•˜๋‹ค(p<0.05). ์…‹์งธ, ์‹ฌํ˜ˆ๊ด€์งˆํ™˜ ์œ„ํ—˜์š”์ธ์ด ์—†๋˜ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž ์ค‘์—์„œ ๊ฒ€์ง„์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์œ„ํ—˜์š”์ธ์„ ์•Œ๊ฒŒ๋œ ์ง‘๋‹จ์ด ๊ณ„์†์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ„ํ—˜์š”์ธ์ด ์—†๋Š” ์ง‘๋‹จ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ์šด๋™๋นˆ๋„๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋†’์•˜๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์šด๋™์Šต๊ด€์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋Š” ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž์˜ ์‹ฌํ˜ˆ๊ด€์งˆํ™˜ ์œ„ํ—˜์š”์ธ์˜ ์ˆ˜์ค€์ด ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„๊ตฐ ์ˆ˜์ค€๋ณด๋‹ค ์งˆํ™˜๊ตฐ ์ˆ˜์ค€์œผ๋กœ ๋†’์•„์งˆ์ˆ˜๋ก ํ†ต๊ณ„ํ•™์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค(p<0.05). ๋˜ํ•œ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž์˜ ์šด๋™์Šต๊ด€์ด ๊ธ์ •์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋ณ€ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ๋‹น๋‡จ๋ณ‘ ์œ ๋ณ‘์œจ์ด ๋‚ฎ์•„์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ (p=0.08), ๋น„๋งŒ์˜ ์œ ๋ณ‘์œจ์ด ๋‚ฎ์•„์กŒ๋‹ค(p<0.05). ๋„ท์งธ, ์ถ”์ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„๋™์•ˆ ์ „์ฒด์‚ฌ๋ง์€ 1,004๋ช…์ด์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๊ทธ์ค‘ ์‹ฌ์žฅ์งˆํ™˜๊ณผ ๋‡Œํ˜ˆ๊ด€์งˆํ™˜์˜ ์‚ฌ๋ง์€ ๊ฐ๊ฐ 8.5%, 7.9%์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์‹œ์ž‘์‹œ์ ์—์„œ โ€˜๊ฑด๊ฐ•ํ•˜๋‹คโ€™๊ณ  ์‘๋‹ตํ•œ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž ์ค‘ ์šด๋™์„ 6๋…„๊ฐ„ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž์˜ 1,000์ธ๋…„ ๋‹น ์—ฐ๋ นํ‘œ์ค€ํ™” ์‚ฌ๋ง๋ฅ ์€ 2.4๋กœ 6๋…„๊ฐ„ ์ง€์†์ ์œผ๋กœ ์šด๋™์„ ํ•œ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž์˜ 2.1์— ๋น„ํ•ด ์‚ฌ๋ง๋ฅ ์ด ๋†’์•˜๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์‹œ์ž‘์‹œ์ ์—์„œ โ€˜๊ฑด๊ฐ•ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋‹คโ€™๊ณ  ์‘๋‹ตํ•œ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž ์ค‘ 6๋…„๊ฐ„ ์šด๋™์„ ์ง€์†์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž์˜ 1,000์ธ๋…„ ๋‹น ์—ฐ๋ นํ‘œ์ค€ํ™” ์‚ฌ๋ง๋ฅ ์€ 4.0์œผ๋กœ 6๋…„๊ฐ„ ์ง€์†์ ์œผ๋กœ ์šด๋™์„ ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์˜ 3.2์— ๋น„ํ•ด ๋†’์•˜์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋˜ ์šด๋™์„ ํ•˜๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ์•ˆํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์˜ 10.1์— ๋น„ํ•ด ๋‚ฎ์•˜๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์„ฏ์งธ, ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์‹œ์ž‘์‹œ์ ์—์„œ โ€˜๊ฑด๊ฐ•ํ•˜๋‹คโ€™๊ณ  ์‘๋‹ตํ•œ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž ์ค‘์—์„œ 6๋…„๊ฐ„ ์ง€์†์ ์œผ๋กœ ์šด๋™์„ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž์— ๋น„ํ•ด 6๋…„๊ฐ„ ์ง€์†์ ์œผ๋กœ ์šด๋™ํ•œ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž์˜ ์ „์ฒด์‚ฌ๋ง๋น„๊ต์œ„ํ—˜๋„๋Š” 0.72(0.55-0.92)์ด์—ˆ๊ณ , ์šด๋™์„ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ์šด๋™์„ ํ•œ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž์˜ ์ „์ฒด์‚ฌ๋ง ๋น„๊ต์œ„ํ—˜๋„๋Š” 0.78(0.64-0.96)์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜, ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์‹œ์ž‘์‹œ์ ์—์„œ โ€˜๊ฑด๊ฐ•ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋‹คโ€™๊ณ  ์‘๋‹ตํ•œ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž ์ค‘ 6๋…„๊ฐ„ ์ง€์†์ ์œผ๋กœ ์šด๋™์„ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž์— ๋น„ํ•ด 6๋…„๊ฐ„ ์ง€์†์ ์œผ๋กœ ์šด๋™ํ•œ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž์˜ ์ „์ฒด์‚ฌ๋ง ๋น„๊ต์œ„ํ—˜๋„๋Š” 0.57(0.34-0.96)์ด์—ˆ๊ณ , ์šด๋™์„ ํ•˜๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ์ฆ‰, ๋ถ€์ •์ ์œผ๋กœ ์šด๋™์Šต๊ด€์ด ๋ณ€ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์— ์ „์ฒด์‚ฌ๋ง์˜ ๋น„๊ต์œ„ํ—˜๋„๋Š” 2.09(1.3-3.89), ์‹ฌ์žฅ์งˆํ™˜์‚ฌ๋ง์˜ ๋น„๊ต์œ„ํ—˜๋„๋Š” 6.72(1.46-10.8)์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์ ์œผ๋กœ, ์‹ฌํ˜ˆ๊ด€์งˆํ™˜ ์œ„ํ—˜์š”์ธ์ด ์šด๋™์Šต๊ด€์„ ๋ณ€ํ™”์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ , ๋ณ€ํ™”๋œ ์šด๋™์Šต๊ด€์ด ์‹ฌํ˜ˆ๊ด€์งˆํ™˜์œ„ํ—˜์š”์ธ ์ˆ˜์ค€์„ ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋ณ€ํ™”์‹œํ‚ค๋ฉฐ ์‚ฌ๋ง์—๋„ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์นจ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ ํ˜„์žฌ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์ƒํƒœ๊ฐ€ ์ข‹์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž์—์„œ๋„ ์ง€์†์ ์ธ ์šด๋™์Šต๊ด€์€ ์‹ฌํ˜ˆ๊ด€์งˆํ™˜ ์‚ฌ๋ง์„ ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค [์˜๋ฌธ]The purpose of this study was to investigate the temporal relationship between physical activities and the level of risk factors for cardiovascular disease, and to estimate the effect of changes of physical activity on mortality. The data source was from KMIC (Korea Medical Insurance Corporation) cohort during the period of 1990 through 2002. The KMIC provides health insurances to all government and private school employees and their dependents. Subjects were consisted of 54,237 men aged 35-44 years in 1990. Firstly, the cross-sectional relation between physical activity and CVD risk factors was attained using data from 1992 and 2000 year. Secondly, changes in physical activity were compared between groups with warning of and without warning of CVD risk in the previous health examination. In addition, according to the physical activity changes, changes in the level of CVD risk factors were estimated. Cox''s proportional hazards model was used to assess the effects of physical activities during 1992-1996 on all-cause mortality, heart disease mortality, and cerebrovascular mortality during 1997-2002 after controlling all possible confounders and classifying a good perception or poor in present health at base. The results were as following: First, the mean age of subjects was 39.2 year at base, and only 25.8% of subjects were in regular physical activity. Mean of blood pressure and BMI were higher in subjects with physical activity than physical inactivity (p<0.0001). The physical activity in the older age group was more frequent than in the younger. Second, the prevalence of hypertension, diabetes, and obesity in subjects with regular physical activity were approximately 1.1 times compared with physical inactivity after adjusting the age(p<0.05) in cross-sectional data of 1992 and 2000 years. Third, after warning of hypertension, diabetes, or BMI, the physical activities became more frequent than before warning. Positive changes in physical activities were more prominent in the disease level of CVD risk than in the borderline (p<0.01). Also, the prevalence of diabetes (p=0.08) and obesity (p=0.05) has been decreased after the positive changes in physical activity. Fourth, there were a total of 1,004 deaths, and among them, deaths due to heart and cerebrovascular diseases were 8.5% and 7.9% respectively. In analyses restricted to subjects who had a good perception of their health at baseline, the relative risk of all-cause mortality in individuals with persistent physical activity for 6 years was 0.72 (0.55-0.92) compared with those with persistent physical inactivity for 6 years. For subjects who had a poor perception of their health at baseline, the relative risk of all-cause mortality and of mortality from heart disease in individuals with negative change to physical inactivity were 2.09 (1.3-3.89), and 6.72 (1.46-10.8) respectively, compared with those with persistent physical inactivity for 6 years. In conclusion, subjects changed their physical activities frequently after warning of CVD risk factors. Then changed physical activity affected the level of CVD risk factors, and mortality.ope

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    Applying data mining techniques to promote the health of underweight adolescents : ์„œ์šธ์‹œ ๊ณ ๋“ฑํ•™์ƒ์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ

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    ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธํ•™๊ณผ/์„์‚ฌ[ํ•œ๊ธ€] ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ชฉ์ ์€ ์ฒญ์†Œ๋…„์˜ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•๋ฌธ์ œ ์ค‘ ๋งŽ์€ ๋ฒ”์ฃผ๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ €์ฒด์ค‘์˜ ํ˜„ํ™ฉ ๋ฐ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์  ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•œ ํ›„, ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ง€์‹์ถ”์ถœ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์ธ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ๋งˆ์ด๋‹ ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ทธ ๊ด€๋ จ์š”์ธ๊ณผ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์ƒํƒœ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜๊ณ  ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์„œ, ์ €์ฒด์ค‘์ฒญ์†Œ๋…„์˜ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์ฆ์ง„ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์„ ๋ชจ์ƒ‰ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด์— ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ์ฒซ์งธ, ์„œ์šธ์‹œ ๊ณ ๋“ฑํ•™๊ต 1ํ•™๋…„ ํ•™์ƒ 10,300๋ช…์˜ ์‹ ์ฒด๊ฒ€์‚ฌ ์ž๋ฃŒ ์ค‘ ์„ค๋ฌธ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋น„๊ต์  ์ถฉ์‹คํžˆ ์ž‘์„ฑํ•œ 5,188๋ช…์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ๋งˆํŠธ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์ถ•ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‘˜์งธ, ๊ทธ์ค‘ BMI 18.5๋ฏธ๋งŒ์ธ ์ €์ฒด์ค‘ ์ฒญ์†Œ๋…„ ์ „์ˆ˜ 1,180๋ช…๊ณผ BMI 18.5์ด์ƒ 23๋ฏธ๋งŒ์˜ ์ •์ƒ์ฒด์ค‘ ์ฒญ์†Œ๋…„ ์ „์ˆ˜ 3,172๋ช…, ์ด 4,352๋ช…์„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž๋กœ ์ถ”์ถœํ•œ ํ›„ ๋‘ ์ง‘๋‹จ์˜ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ํŠน์„ฑํŒŒ์•…์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋นˆ๋„๋ถ„์„, ์นด์ด์ œ๊ณฑ ๋ถ„์„, ๋‹จ์ˆœ ๋กœ์ง€์Šคํ‹ฑ ํšŒ๊ท€๋ถ„์„์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ทธ ๋‘์ง‘๋‹จ์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ์•Œ์•„๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ทธํ›„, ์ „๋‹จ๊ณ„์—์„œ ์–ป์–ด์ง„ ์œ ์šฉํ•œ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜, ์™ธ๊ตญ์˜ ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ๋ฐํ˜€์ง„ ์ €์ฒด์ค‘ ๊ด€๋ จ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ๋งˆ์ด๋‹์˜ ์˜์‚ฌ๊ฒฐ์ •๋‚˜๋ฌด๋ชจํ˜•๊ณผ ์—ฐ๊ด€์„ฑ ๋ถ„์„์˜ ์ž…๋ ฅ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋กœ ํˆฌ์ž…ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ตœ์ ์˜ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜์™€ ์˜ˆ์ธก๋ชจํ˜•์˜ ๊ตฌ์ถ•์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ต์ฐจํƒ€๋‹น์„ฑ(Cross-validation)๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์˜์‚ฌ๊ฒฐ์ •๋‚˜๋ฌด ๋ถ„์„์ค‘ CHAID, C4.5, CART ๋ชจํ˜•๊ณผ ๋กœ์ง€์Šคํ‹ฑํšŒ๊ท€ ๋ชจํ˜•์„ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ทธ ์ค‘ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ๊ณผ ์˜ˆ์ธก๋ ฅ์ด ์ข‹์€ CART ๋ชจํ˜•์œผ๋กœ ์˜์‚ฌ๊ฒฐ์ •๋‚˜๋ฌด๋ฅผ ํ˜•์„ฑ ํ›„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์•˜๋‹ค. ์ฒซ์งธ, ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ๋งˆํŠธ 5,188๋ช… ์ค‘ ์ €์ฒด์ค‘ ์ฒญ์†Œ๋…„์˜ ๋ถ„ํฌ(BMI 18.5 ๋ฏธ๋งŒ)๋Š” 22.74%๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์„œ, ํ˜„์žฌ ๋ณด๊ฑด์˜๋ฃŒ๊ณ„์˜ ์ฃผ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์ธ ๋น„๋งŒ(BMI 25์ด์ƒ)์ฒญ์†Œ๋…„์˜ 6.96% ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ๋ถ„ํฌ๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ ์—ฌํ•™์ƒ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋‚จํ•™์ƒ์ด 1.52๋ฐฐ, ๊ฐ•๋ถ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฐ•๋‚จ์— 1.15๋ฐฐ ์ €์ฒด์ค‘ ์ฒญ์†Œ๋…„์ด ๋งŽ์€ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๋‘˜์งธ, ์ •์ƒ์ฒด์ค‘ ์ฒญ์†Œ๋…„๋ณด๋‹ค ์ €์ฒด์ค‘ ์ฒญ์†Œ๋…„์ด ๋” ๋งŽ์ด ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์‹ ์ฒด ๊ฑด๊ฐ•๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ์ฒ™์ถ”์ธก๋งŒ์ฆ๊ณผ ๋‡จ๋‹น์œผ๋กœ์„œ, ์ฒ™์ถ”์ธก๋งŒ์ฆ์€ ์—†์„ ๋•Œ ๋ณด๋‹ค ์žˆ์„ ๋•Œ 1.7๋ฐฐ, ๋‡จ๋‹น๊ฒ€์ถœ์—†์„ ๋•Œ ๋ณด๋‹ค ์žˆ์„ ๋•Œ์— 1.68๋ฐฐ๋กœ ์ €์ฒด์ค‘์ด ๋งŽ์•˜๋‹ค. ์ธ๊ตฌํ•™์  ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ๋Š” ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ ๊ต์œก์ •๋„๊ฐ€ ๋Œ€์กธ์ผ ๋•Œ, ๊ตญ์กธ์ดํ•˜์— ๋น„ํ•ด 0.52๋ฐฐ๋กœ ์ €์ฒด์ค‘ ์ฒญ์†Œ๋…„์ด ์ ์Œ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ , '์ข…๊ต๊ฐ€ ์—†๋Š” ํ•™์ƒ'์— ๋น„ํ•ด '๊ธฐ๋…๊ต'์ธ ํ•™์ƒ์ด 1.14๋ฐฐ๋กœ ์ €์ฒด์ค‘์ด ๋งŽ์Œ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์…‹์งธ, CART ๋ชจํ˜•์— ์˜ํ•œ ์˜์‚ฌ๊ฒฐ์ • ๋‚˜๋ฌด ๋ถ„์„์—์„œ๋Š” ์„ฑ๋ณ„, ์ข…๊ต, ์ง€์—ญ, ์ฒ™์ถ”์ธก๋งŒ์ฆ, ์‹ ์ƒ์•„๋•Œ์˜ ์ฒด์ค‘์„ ๋ณ€์ธ์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€์ง€๊ฐ€ ํ˜•์„ฑ๋จ์œผ๋กœ์„œ, ์‹ ์ƒ์•„ ์ฒด์ค‘์„ ์ œ์™ธํ•œ ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€ ์š”์ธ์€ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ํ†ต๊ณ„์™€ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜, ๊ฐ ์žŽ๋งˆ๋””์˜ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ข€ ๋” ์ž์„ธํ•œ ์ €์ฒด์ค‘ ์ฒญ์†Œ๋…„ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰, ๋‚จํ•™์ƒ ์ค‘์—์„œ, ์ข…๊ต๊ฐ€ ์—†๊ณ , ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ ๊ต์œก์ด ์ „๋ฌธ๋Œ€์กธ์ดํ•˜์ด๋ฉฐ, ๊ฐ•๋‚จ์— ์‚ด๊ณ , ํƒœ์–ด๋‚  ๋•Œ ๊ณผ์ฒด์ค‘์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ์—ˆ๊ณ , ํŠนํžˆ ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ๊ฐ€ ๊ตญ์กธ์ดํ•˜์ผ ๋•Œ 80%๊ฐ€ ์ €์ฒด์ค‘์ž„์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ ์—ฌํ•™์ƒ์€ ์ฒ™์ถ”์ธก๋งŒ์ฆ์ด ์—†๊ณ , ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ๊ฐ€ ๋Œ€ํ•™ ๋˜๋Š” ๋Œ€ํ•™์›์„ ์กธ์—…ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ธฐ๋…๊ต ๋˜๋Š” ์ฒœ์ฃผ๊ต๋ฅผ ๋ฏฟ๊ณ , ์‹ ์ƒ์•„์ถœ์ƒ์‹œ ์ €์ฒด์ค‘์ผ ๋•Œ ์ €์ฒด์ค‘์˜ ๋ถ„ํฌ๋Š” 42.9%๋กœ์„œ ์ „์ฒด ์ €์ฒด์ค‘ ์ฒญ์†Œ๋…„์˜ ๋ถ„ํฌ์ธ 27.5%๋ณด๋‹ค ๋งŽ์Œ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋„ท์งธ, ๋นˆ๋„์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚จํ•™์ƒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ•๋‚จ์ง€์—ญ ํ•™๊ต์— ์ €์ฒด์ค‘ ์ฒญ์†Œ๋…„์˜ ๋ถ„ํฌ๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์€ ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ, ์—ฐ๊ด€์„ฑ ๋ถ„์„์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ฑด๊ฐ•๋ฌธ์ œ์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์ €์ฒด์ค‘์€ ๋‚จ์ž๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ์—ฌ์ž์—๊ฒŒ, ๊ฐ•๋‚จ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฐ•๋ถํ•™์ƒ์—๊ฒŒ, ๊ฑด๊ฐ•๋ฌธ์ œ ์ค‘์—์„œ๋Š” ์ฒ™์ถ”์ธก๋งŒ์ฆ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ํ•™์ƒ์—๊ฒŒ ์—ฐ๊ด€๊ทœ์น™์ด ๋งŽ์Œ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฏ€๋กœ ์ €์ฒด์ค‘ ์ฒญ์†Œ๋…„์˜ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์ฆ์ง„์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ ‘๊ทผ์€ ์ฒ™์ถ”์ธก๋งŒ์ฆ๊ณผ ๋‡จ๋‹น๊ฒ€์ถœ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‹ ์ฒด๊ฑด๊ฐ•์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ค‘์žฌ๋ฟ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ, ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ ๊ต์œก์ •๋„, ์ถœ์ƒ์‹œ ์ฒด์ค‘๋„ ์ €์ฒด์ค‘ ์ฒญ์†Œ๋…„๊ณผ๋Š” ์„œ๋กœ ๊ด€๋ จ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ด€๊ณ„์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ, ์ฒญ์†Œ๋…„ ์‹œ์ ˆ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฐ”๋ฅธ ์ฒด์ค‘์ธ์‹์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ค€๋น„๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค์Œ์„ธ๋Œ€ ์ €์ฒด์ค‘ ์‹  ์ƒ์•„ ์ถœ์‚ฐ, ์ €์ฒด์ค‘ ์ฒญ์†Œ๋…„์„ ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋˜ ์ €์ฒด์ค‘ ์ฒญ์†Œ๋…„์˜ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์ฆ์ง„์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž ์„ ์ •์€ ๊ฐ•๋ถ ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ํ•™๊ต, ์ฒ™์ถ”์ธก๋งŒ์ฆ ๋ฐ ์—ฌํ•™์ƒ์„ ๋ชฉํ‘œ์ง‘๋‹จ์œผ๋กœ ์„ ์ •์‹œ ํšจ์œจ์ ์ผ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. -------------------- ํ•ต์‹ฌ๋˜๋Š” ๋ง : ์ €์ฒด์ค‘, ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ๋งˆ์ด๋‹, ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์ฆ์ง„ [์˜๋ฌธ] The purpose of this paper is to describe general characteristics of underweight adolescents and to search for ways to promote the health of underweight adolescents through assessing health related factors by using data mining techniques. The first study made a data mart of 5,188 adolescents, who had answered questionnaires well among 10,300 10th grade students in Seoul, 2000. The second study sampled (n=4352) 1,180 underweight(BMI <18.5) and 3,172 average weight(18.5<=BMI<23) adolescents, and investigated the differences between two groups by frequency, chi-square, and simple logistic regression analysis for general characteristics. Related variables derived from previous step and risk factors known by previous overseas studies were input in a decision tree and an association rule of SAS E-Miner. Further more, to find the most suitable and predictable model, CHAID, C4.5, CART, and logistic regression model were assessed through a cross-validation method. The most predictable model was CART. The results of the study were as follows: Underweight adolescents(BMI=25) only consisted of 6.96% of the 5,188. Surprisingly from these numbers, the obese adolescents currently have more medical interest than the underweight adolescents. In simple logistic regression which has target variables of underweight to normal weight adolescents, the odds ratio of male high school students was 1.52 times over the females, and the odds ratio in the living region south of the Han-river was 1.15 times over the north. Scoliosis odds ratio was 1.7 times over non-scoliosis, and odds ratio of urine sugar positive cases was 1.68 times over the negative cases. In demographics, however, the odds ratio of a student's mother's education as a university graduate was 0.52 times over elementary graduates. Odds ratio of christians was 1.14 times over non-christians. In decision tree analysis by CART model, there was a classification tree formated by gender, religion, living region, scoliosis, and neonatal weight as risk factors. It was the same as general statistics except for neonatal weight. However, there were more detailed classification characteristics in low body weight adolescents through each leaf. Underweight adolescents were 100% in males, without religion, living south of the Han-river, low or normal neonatal weight, and with a mother's education of elementary graduate or below. Finally in frequency, the underweight rate was higher south of the Han-river than on the northern side; but in association rule, associated variables with high support rate and confidence rate were females, north of the Han-river, and scoliosis. Therefore, approaches for health promotion of underweight adolescents is not only intervention of physical health, but also the education of proper weight perception to prevent low birth weight and underweight adolescents because a mother's education and child's low birth weight are related to underweight adolescents. In conclusion, we suggest to select these target groups: females, students who are north of the Han-river in Seoul, and adolescents with scoliosis.ope

    Measurement of โ€˜Downgrading Employmentโ€™ and Its Factors

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    ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” 29์„ธ ์ดํ•˜, ์ทจ์—…๊ฒฝํ—˜ 6๋…„ ์ดํ•˜ ๋Œ€์กธ ์ฒญ๋…„์ธต์˜ ํ•˜ํ–ฅ์ทจ์—…์„ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ์š”์ธ๋“ค์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ•˜ํ–ฅ์ทจ์—…์„ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ํ†ต๊ณ„์ ์ธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ๊ณ ์•ˆํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ๊ทธ์™€ ๋™์‹œ์— ์ฃผ๊ด€์  ํ‰๊ฐ€ ๋ฐฉ์‹์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ธก์ •๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ๋ณด์™„์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ถ„์„๋œ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋Š” ํ•œ๊ตญ๊ณ ์šฉ์ •๋ณด์›์—์„œ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ํ•œ ๏ฝข์‚ฐ์—…๋ณ„ใ†์ง์—…๋ณ„ ๊ณ ์šฉ๊ตฌ์กฐ์กฐ์‚ฌ(2006)๏ฝฃ ์›์ž๋ฃŒ๋‹ค. ํ•˜ํ–ฅ์ทจ์—…์ž ๋น„์œจ์€ ํ†ต๊ณ„์  ์ธก์ •๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด 42.7%, ์ฃผ๊ด€์ ์ธ ํ‰๊ฐ€์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด 22.0%๋กœ ์ธก์ •๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ํฐ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ†ต๊ณ„์  ์ธก์ •๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ทจํ•  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์ด, ์ฃผ๊ด€์  ํ‰๊ฐ€ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ทจํ•  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋‚จ์„ฑ์ด ๋†’์€ ํ•˜ํ–ฅ์ทจ์—…์œจ์„ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๋ น์ด ๋‚ฎ์„์ˆ˜๋ก, ๋น„์ •๊ทœ์ง์ผ์ˆ˜๋ก, ๋Œ€์ฒด๋กœ ์‚ฌ์—…์ฒด ๊ทœ๋ชจ๊ฐ€ ์ ์„์ˆ˜๋ก ํ•˜ํ–ฅ์ทจ์—…์ž ๋น„์œจ์ด ๋†’๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฐ–์— ๋ฏธํ˜ผ์ผ์ˆ˜๋ก, ์ž๊ฒฉ์ฆ์ด ์—†์„์ˆ˜๋ก, 1๋…„ ์ด๋‚ด์— ๊ต์œกใ†ํ›ˆ๋ จ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์ด ์—†์„์ˆ˜๋ก ํ•˜ํ–ฅ์ทจ์—…์ž ๋น„์œจ์ด ๋†’๋‹ค.This article defined two methods to measure โ€˜downgrading employmentโ€™ and analysed it's main factors for korean youth workers. Downgrading employment means working in a job which needs a lower level of education than oneself's degree. We use two methods of measurement: one define it by โ€˜statistical methodโ€™ and another by the subjective assessment of respondents. According to the statistical method, 42.7% of young workers are found in a situation of downgrading employment. But only 22.0% of them feel a situation of downgrading employment. Downgrading employment is more frequent within women, younger age group, non regular employee, medium and small enterprises's workers. The civil state, qualification related to oneself's job, training experience are also factors which have a influence on a downgrading employment

    A Study of Planning and Evaluation for 'Nursing Research' Curriculum Applied Outcome-based Education

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    2016-09๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ชฉ์ ์€ ์„ฑ๊ณผ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ๊ต์œก์„ ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ต๊ณผ๋ชฉ์— ์ ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์„ฑ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜๊ณ , ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ์„ค๊ณ„.์šด์˜.ํ‰๊ฐ€ ํ•œ ํ›„ ์‹œ์‚ฌ์ ์„ ๋„์ถœํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ต๊ณผ๋ชฉ์˜ ์„ค๊ณ„์™€ ์šด์˜ ๋ฐ ํ‰๊ฐ€์— ํ™œ์šฉ๋œ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ž๋ฃŒ๋“ค์€ ์–‘์ -์งˆ์  ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ˜ผํ•ฉ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋ก ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ถ„์„๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•™์Šต์„ฑ๊ณผ๋Š” ์ง€์‹์„ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๊นŒ์ง€ ๋„์ถœ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ์„ค์ •ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ํ•™์Šต์ž๊ฐ€ ์ฃผ๋„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ๋งค์ฃผ ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ์„ค๊ณ„ํ•˜๊ณ  ์šด์˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ชจ๋“  ํ•™์Šต์ž๋Š” ์„ค์ •๋œ ํ•™์Šต์„ฑ๊ณผ์— ๋„๋‹ฌํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—ญ๋Ÿ‰์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ „-ํ›„ ์ž๊ฐ€ํ‰๊ฐ€์—์„œ๋„ ๊ธ์ •์ ์ธ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค(p<.0001). ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๊ต์ˆ˜์ž์™€ ํ•™์Šต์ž์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ„๋ถ€๋‹ด์ด ์ปธ๊ณ , ํ•™๋ถ€์„ฑ๊ณผ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ํƒ€๋‹น์„ฑ ์—ฌ๋ถ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‹œ์‚ฌ์ ์„ ๋„์ถœํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค.The purpose of this study was to set plan, operate and evaluate learning outcome of nursing research curriculum. and then to draw the implication of outcome-based education. The study data were all documents related to planning, operating, and evaluation of 'nursing research' curriculum. All process was analysed using triangle methods. Learning outcome was set clearly as knowledge based-research activity. The class was planned and operated. Finally, all learner reached to learning outcome set, and there was also positive difference between before and after self-assessment about research competence(p<.0001). However, there were big burden due to time requirement for study, and concern about validity as an academic outcome

    Zeolite synthesis using residual by-products obtained through indirect carbonation

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    ์‚ฐ์—…๋ถ€์‚ฐ๋ฌผ์˜ ์žฌํ™œ์šฉ ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์œผ๋กœ ์ œ์˜ฌ๋ผ์ดํŠธ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ด ์ฃผ๋ชฉ๋ฐ›๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. Si, Al์ด ํ’๋ถ€ํ•œ ์‚ฐ์—…๋ถ€์‚ฐ๋ฌผ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•ด ํ•ฉ์„ฑํ•œ ์ œ์˜ฌ๋ผ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์ˆœ์ˆ˜ ํ™”ํ•™๋ฌผ์งˆ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“  ์ œ์˜ฌ๋ผ์ดํŠธ๋ณด๋‹ค ๊ฒฝ์ œ์ ์ด๋‹ค. ์‚ฐ์—…๋ถ€์‚ฐ๋ฌผ๋กœ ์ œ์˜ฌ๋ผ์ดํŠธ๋ฅผ ํ•ฉ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ํ™œ๋ฐœํžˆ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜, ๊ฐ„์ ‘ํƒ„์‚ฐํ™” ์ž”๋ฅ˜๋ถ€์‚ฐ๋ฌผ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ์ œ์˜ฌ๋ผ์ดํŠธ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ฐ„์ ‘ํƒ„์‚ฐํ™”๋Š” ์‚ฐ์—…๋ถ€์‚ฐ๋ฌผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ Ca์„ ์šฉ์ถœํ•˜๊ณ , ์ด๋ฅผ CO2(g)์™€ ๋ฐ˜์‘์‹œ์ผœ ํƒ„์‚ฐ์—ผ(CaCO3)์œผ๋กœ ์ „ํ™˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ฐ„์ ‘ํƒ„์‚ฐํ™” ๊ณผ์ • ์ค‘ ์‚ฐ์—…๋ถ€์‚ฐ๋ฌผ์˜ Ca์ด ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ ์šฉ์ถœ๋˜๊ณ  Si, Al์€ ์ž”๋ฅ˜๋ถ€์‚ฐ๋ฌผ์— ๋‚จ๋Š”๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ง„์€ ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด Ca์ด ์šฉ์ถœ๋œ ์ž”๋ฅ˜๋ถ€์‚ฐ๋ฌผ์˜ Si, Al ํ•จ๋Ÿ‰์ด ์‚ฐ์—…๋ถ€์‚ฐ๋ฌผ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋†’์Œ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๊ณ  ์ œ์˜ฌ๋ผ์ดํŠธ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. Si์™€ Al์€ ์ œ์˜ฌ๋ผ์ดํŠธ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ์— ํ•„์ˆ˜ ์„ฑ๋ถ„์ด๊ณ  Ca์€ ์ œ์˜ฌ๋ผ์ดํŠธ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ์„ ๋ฐฉํ•ดํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฌผ์งˆ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ ๋„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์‚ฐ์—…๋ถ€์‚ฐ๋ฌผ(์„ํƒ„ ๋น„์‚ฐ์žฌ)๊ณผ ์ž”๋ฅ˜๋ถ€์‚ฐ๋ฌผ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ œ์˜ฌ๋ผ์ดํŠธ๋ฅผ ํ•ฉ์„ฑํ–ˆ๊ณ , ๊ทธ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ์„œ๋กœ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์„ํƒ„ ๋น„์‚ฐ์žฌ์™€ ์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์šฉ์ œ(0.3M HCl, 0.3M NH4Cl, ์ธ๊ณตํ•ด์ˆ˜)๋ฅผ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ๋ฐ˜์‘์‹œ์ผœ์„œ ์ž”๋ฅ˜๋ถ€์‚ฐ๋ฌผ์„ ํ•ฉ์„ฑํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์šฉ์œต ๋ฐ ์—ด์ˆ˜ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ๋ฒ•๊ณผ ์—ด์ˆ˜ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ๋ฒ• ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ œ์˜ฌ๋ผ์ดํŠธ๋ฅผ ํ•ฉ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. XRD ๋ฐ FE-SEM ๋ถ„์„์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ œ์˜ฌ๋ผ์ดํŠธ๊ฐ€ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ๋˜์—ˆ์Œ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์„ํƒ„ ๋น„์‚ฐ์žฌ์™€ ์ž”๋ฅ˜๋ถ€์‚ฐ๋ฌผ๋กœ ํ•ฉ์„ฑํ•œ ์ œ์˜ฌ๋ผ์ดํŠธ์˜ BET์™€ CEC๋Š” ๋น„์Šทํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค๋ฉด, ์„ํƒ„ ๋น„์‚ฐ์žฌ์™€ ์ž”๋ฅ˜๋ถ€์‚ฐ๋ฌผ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ํ•ฉ์„ฑํ•œ ์ œ์˜ฌ๋ผ์ดํŠธ์˜ BET๋Š” ๊ฐ๊ฐ 3.3035 m2/g, 65๏ฝž121.704 m2/g์ด์—ˆ๊ณ , CEC๋Š” ๊ฐ๊ฐ 4.78 cmol/kg, 46.27๏ฝž199.71 cmol/kg์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ด์ˆ˜ ํ•ฉ์„ฑํ•œ ์ œ์˜ฌ๋ผ์ดํŠธ๋กœ ๊ตฌ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ํก์ฐฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ œ๊ฑฐ์œจ์ด 98% ์ด์ƒ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ฐ„์ ‘ํƒ„์‚ฐํ™” ์ž”๋ฅ˜๋ถ€์‚ฐ๋ฌผ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•ด์„œ ์‚ฐ์—…๋ถ€์‚ฐ๋ฌผ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•  ๋•Œ์™€ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•œ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์˜ ์ œ์˜ฌ๋ผ์ดํŠธ๋ฅผ ํ•ฉ์„ฑํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.Zeolite synthesis technology is attracting attention as a recycling plan for industrial by-products. Zeolite from industrial by-products rich in Si and Al is more economical than zeolite which is made of pure chemicals. Research on the synthesis of zeolite as industrial by-products was active, but research on zeolite synthesis using indirect carbonation residue was rarely conducted. Indirect carbonation is a technology that elutes Ca from the industrial by-products and reacts it with CO2(g) to convert it into a carbonate (CaCO3). In the indirect carbonation process, Ca as industrial by-products is mostly eluted, and Si and Al remain as residual by-products. Through previous research, we confirmed that residual by-products from which Ca was eluted had a higher Si and Al content than that of industrial by-products, and considered zeolite synthesis. It was also considered that Si and Al are essential components for zeolite synthesis, and Ca is a substance that interferes with zeolite synthesis. In this study, zeolite was synthesized using by-products of industrial by-products (Coal fly ash) and residual by-products and compared their characteristics. Coal fly ash is reacted with three kinds of solvents (0.3 HCl, 0.3 NH4Cl, artificial seawater) to synthesize residual by-products. In all cases, it is confirmed that zeolite is synthesized by XRD and FE-SEM analysis obtained by synthesizing zeolite by using two methods of fusion and hydrothermal synthesis and hydrothermal synthesis. The BET area and CEC of zeolite combined with coal fly ash and residual by-products were similar. For example, BET area of zeolite synthesized using coal fly ash and residual by-products was 3.3035 m2/g and 65~121.704 m2/g, and CEC was 4.78 cmol/kg and 46.27~199.71 cmol/kg. Zeolites by hydrothermal synthesis have good adsorption capacity and can absorb copper. The removal efficiency of copper was as high as 98%. In this study, we synthesize zeolites using residual byproducts that occur during the indirect carbonation process.1. ์„œ ๋ก  1 2. ์šฉ์œต ๋ฐ ์—ด์ˆ˜ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ๋ฒ• 5 2.1 ์‹คํ—˜ ์žฌ๋ฃŒ ๋ฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 5 2.1.1 ์‹คํ—˜ ์žฌ๋ฃŒ 5 2.1.2 ์ œ์˜ฌ๋ผ์ดํŠธ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ 5 2.1.2.1 ์ž”๋ฅ˜๋ถ€์‚ฐ๋ฌผ ์ œ์กฐ 5 2.1.2.2 ์šฉ์œต 5 2.1.2.3 ์—ด์ˆ˜ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ 5 2.1.2.4 ์ œ์˜ฌ๋ผ์ดํŠธ ํŠน์„ฑ ๋ถ„์„ 7 2.2 ์‹คํ—˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 8 2.2.1 ์‹คํ—˜ ์žฌ๋ฃŒ 8 2.2.2 ์ œ์˜ฌ๋ผ์ดํŠธ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ 10 2.2.2.1 ์ž”๋ฅ˜๋ถ€์‚ฐ๋ฌผ ์ œ์กฐ 10 2.2.2.2 ์šฉ์œต 11 2.2.2.3 ์—ด์ˆ˜ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ 13 2.2.2.4 ์ œ์˜ฌ๋ผ์ดํŠธ ํŠน์„ฑ ๋ถ„์„ 17 2.2.2.4.1 CEC 17 2.2.2.4.2 BET 20 3. ์—ด์ˆ˜ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ๋ฒ• 22 3.1 ์‹คํ—˜ ์žฌ๋ฃŒ ๋ฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 22 3.1.1 ์‹คํ—˜ ์žฌ๋ฃŒ 22 3.1.2 ์ œ์˜ฌ๋ผ์ดํŠธ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ 23 3.1.2.1 ์ž”๋ฅ˜๋ถ€์‚ฐ๋ฌผ ์ œ์กฐ 23 3.1.2.2 ์—ด์ˆ˜ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ 23 3.1.2.3 ์ œ์˜ฌ๋ผ์ดํŠธ ํŠน์„ฑ ๋ถ„์„ 23 3.1.2.4 ์ค‘๊ธˆ์† ํก์ฐฉ ์‹คํ—˜ 23 3.1.2.4.1 ์‹œ๊ฐ„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ตฌ๋ฆฌ ํก์ฐฉ 24 3.1.2.4.2 ๋“ฑ์˜จ ํก์ฐฉ 24 3.2 ์‹คํ—˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 26 3.2.1 ์‹คํ—˜ ์žฌ๋ฃŒ 26 3.2.2 ์ œ์˜ฌ๋ผ์ดํŠธ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ 26 3.2.2.1 ์ž”๋ฅ˜๋ถ€์‚ฐ๋ฌผ ์ œ์กฐ 26 3.2.2.2 ์—ด์ˆ˜ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ 26 3.2.2.3 ์ œ์˜ฌ๋ผ์ดํŠธ ํŠน์„ฑ ๋ถ„์„ 29 3.2.2.3.1 CEC 29 3.2.2.3.2 BET 30 3.2.2.4 ์ค‘๊ธˆ์† ํก์ฐฉ 31 3.2.2.4.1 ์‹œ๊ฐ„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ตฌ๋ฆฌ ํก์ฐฉ 31 3.2.2.4.2 ๋“ฑ์˜จ ํก์ฐฉ 33 4. ๊ฒฐ ๋ก  37 5. ์ฐธ๊ณ  ๋ฌธํ—Œ 39Maste
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