Cuba: Coronary Heart Disease

Cuba has a strong health care system with universal health care for their citizens over 40 years old. Despite the strong health care system Cuba lacks the resources necessary to treat coronary heart disease, the leading cause of death in the country. The country’s whole population is affected by coronary heart disease however the most affected is the lower class due unaffordable treatment. The primary causes of coronary heart disease includes their daily lifestyle such as, physical inactivity, diet, and excessive smoking. It is important to note that the major factors in Cuba leading to coronary heart disease are all preventable. Coronary heart disease can be decreased in the country of Cuba by increasing physical activity, increasing the fruits and vegetables consumed while decreasing the amount of red meat and processed foods, and finally cutting down on smoking cigarettes

Flow-volume curve analysis for predicting recurrence after endoscopic dilation of airway stenosis

The flow-volume curve is a simple test for diagnosing upper airway obstruction. We evaluated its use to predict recurrence in patients undergoing endoscopic dilation for treatment of benign upper airway stenosis

Vol. 5, No. 3

Contents: The 1986 Immigration Reform and Control Act: An Overview and Update by Michael A. Loizzi, Jr. Unionism in the Public Sector by James L. Stern Further Referenceshttps://scholarship.kentlaw.iit.edu/iperr/1000/thumbnail.jp

Vol. 5, No. 3

Contents: The 1986 Immigration Reform and Control Act: An Overview and Update by Michael A. Loizzi, Jr. Unionism in the Public Sector by James L. Stern Further Referenceshttps://scholarship.kentlaw.iit.edu/iperr/1000/thumbnail.jp

the antiangiogenic therapy in ovarian cancer

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Dynamic crosstalk within the tumor microenvironment of uterine cervical carcinoma: baseline network, iatrogenic alterations, and translational implications.

Uterine cervical cancer is the fourth most frequent gynecological tumor worldwide. The tumor microenvironment of cervical cancer is the result of persistent high-risk human papillomavirus infection together with stromal activation of estrogen receptor alpha and the pro-angiogenic and pro-inflammatory activity of immune cells, mainly T-helper 17 cells and tumor-associated macrophages. Therapeutic management (e.g., immunotherapy, especially in advanced cases) may be influenced by the translational implications of tumoral stroma crosstalk and an abundance of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes within the tumor microenvironment. The prognosis of cervical cancer is inversely correlated with microvessel density, making anti-angiogenic strategies with agents such as bevacizumab crucial for improving both progression-free survival and overall survival in patients with advanced and recurrent tumors

Vol. 19, No. 4

Contents: Bargaining Implications of the No Child Left Behind Act, by Michael A. Loizzi, Jr., Penny Upton and John L. Di John, Jr. Recent Developments, Further References, compiled by Margaret A. Chaplanhttps://scholarship.kentlaw.iit.edu/iperr/1072/thumbnail.jp

Investigation of the function of delta-cadinene synthase with aza-analogues and site directedmutagenesis

Terpenes are one of the most structurally varied families of natural products with extraordinary chemical properties that have been exploited for numerous applications. Sesquiterpene synthases are a family of metal-dependent enzymes that catalyse the cyclisation of farnesyl diphosphate (FDP) into a myriad of complex C15-isoprenoid hydrocarbons, the sesquiterpenes. δ-Cadinene synthase (DCS) from Gossypium arboreum (cotton tree) catalyses the formation of δ-cadinene (DCN), a bicyclic intermediate in the biosynthesis of important phytoalexins such us gossypol. Two mechanistic proposals have been made for the formation of δ-cadinene: a 1,10-ring closure mechanism leading to the key intermediate germacradienyl cation, or a 1,6-ring closure leading to thealpha-bisabolyl carbocation. Previous investigation with fluorinated FDP analogues were in partial agreement with both scenarios and hence it was not possible to distinguish unambiguously between the two possible cyclisation reactions. To investigate the catalytic mechanism of DCS, enantiopure samples of the azaanalogues of alpha-bisabolyl cation and germacradienyl cation were needed. These compounds are designed as stable structural and electrostatic mimics of the putative short-lived carbocationic intermediates generated by terpene synthases, and hence often act as potent reversible competitive inhibitors (low Ki) of these enzymes. Here, the enantioselective total synthesis of R- and S- aza-analogues of the alpha-bisabolyl cation are described as well as the partial racemic synthesis of azagermacradienyl cation. Both enantiomers of aza-bisabolyl cation were goodmimics of α-bisabolene. They were competitive inhibitors of DCS, providing evidence for a 1,6-cyclisation closure. The second part of the project involved the investigation of the role of tryptophan 279 for the desolvation of the active site of DCS and therefore for the formation of DCN. Seven mutants of W279 were created. The data obtained showed that W279 is essential to prevent water from entering the active site and form the hydroxylate terpenoid germacradien-4-ol (GD4ol). Mutagenesis studies yielded a mutant, W279A, capable of making GD4ol as the sole product