Dwarfism with joint laxity in Friesian horses is associated with a splice site mutation in B4GALT7

Background: Inbreeding and population bottlenecks in the ancestry of Friesian horses has led to health issues such as dwarfism. The limbs of dwarfs are short and the ribs are protruding inwards at the costochondral junction, while the head and back appear normal. A striking feature of the condition is the flexor tendon laxity that leads to hyperextension of the fetlock joints. The growth plates of dwarfs display disorganized and thickened chondrocyte columns. The aim of this study was to identify the gene defect that causes the recessively inherited trait in Friesian horses to understand the disease process at the molecular level. Results: We have localized the genetic cause of the dwarfism phenotype by a genome wide approach to a 3 Mb region on the p-arm of equine chromosome 14. The DNA of two dwarfs and one control Friesian horse was sequenced completely and we identified the missense mutation ECA14:g.4535550C> T that cosegregated with the phenotype in all Friesians analyzed. The mutation leads to the amino acid substitution p.(Arg17Lys) of xylosylprotein beta 1,4-galactosyltransferase 7 encoded by B4GALT7. The protein is one of the enzymes that synthesize the tetrasaccharide linker between protein and glycosaminoglycan moieties of proteoglycans of the extracellular matrix. The mutation not only affects a conserved arginine codon but also the last nucleotide of the first exon of the gene and we show that it impedes splicing of the primary transcript in cultured fibroblasts from a heterozygous horse. As a result, the level of B4GALT7 mRNA in fibroblasts from a dwarf is only 2 % compared to normal levels. Mutations in B4GALT7 in humans are associated with Ehlers-Danlos syndrome progeroid type 1 and Larsen of Reunion Island syndrome. Growth retardation and ligamentous laxity are common manifestations of these syndromes. Conclusions: We suggest that the identified mutation of equine B4GALT7 leads to the typical dwarfism phenotype in Friesian horses due to deficient splicing of transcripts of the gene. The mutated gene implicates the extracellular matrix in the regular organization of chrondrocyte columns of the growth plate. Conservation of individual amino acids may not be necessary at the protein level but instead may reflect underlying conservation of nucleotide sequence that are required for efficient splicing

A nonsense mutation in B3GALNT2 is concordant with hydrocephalus in Friesian horses

Background: Hydrocephalus in Friesian horses is a developmental disorder that often results in stillbirth of affected foals and dystocia in dams. The occurrence is probably related to a founder effect and inbreeding in the population. The aim of our study was to find genomic associations, to investigate the mode of inheritance, to allow a DNA test for hydrocephalus in Friesian horses to be developed. In case of a monogenic inheritance we aimed to identify the causal mutation. Results: A genome-wide association study of hydrocephalus in 13 cases and 69 controls using 29,720 SNPs indicated the involvement of a region on ECA1 (P T corresponding to XP_001491595 p.Gln475* was identical to a B3GALNT2 mutation identified in a human case of muscular dystrophy-dystroglycanopathy with hydrocephalus. All 16 available cases and none of the controls were homozygous for the mutation, and all 17 obligate carriers (= dams of cases) were heterozygous. A random sample of the Friesian horse population (n = 865) was tested for the mutation in a commercial laboratory. One-hundred and forty-seven horses were carrier and 718 horses were homozygous for the normal allele; the estimated allele frequency in the Friesian horse population is 0.085. Conclusions: Hydrocephalus in Friesian horses has an autosomal recessive mode of inheritance. A nonsense mutation XM_001491545 c.1423C>T corresponding to XP_001491595 p.Gln475* in B3GALNT2 (1: 75,859,296-75,909,376) is concordant with hydrocephalus in Friesian horses. Application of a DNA test in the breeding programme will reduce the losses caused by hydrocephalus in the Friesian horse population

Козацькі могили у творчості Тараса Шевченка

The detoxification of ammonia occurs mainly through conversion of ammonia to urea in the liver via the urea cycle and glutamine synthesis. Congenital portosystemic shunts (CPSS) in dogs cause hyperammonemia eventually leading to hepatic encephalopathy. In this study, the gene expression of urea cycle enzymes (carbamoylphosphate synthetase (CPS1), ornithine carbamoyltransferase (OTC), argininosuccinate synthetase (ASS1), argininosuccinate lyase (ASL), and arginase (ARG1)), N-acetylglutamate synthase (NAGS), Glutamate dehydrogenase (GLUD1), and glutamate-ammonia ligase (GLUL) was evaluated in dogs with CPSS before and after surgical closure of the shunt. Additionally, immunohistochemistry was performed on urea cycle enzymes and GLUL on liver samples of healthy dogs and dogs with CPSS to investigate a possible zonal distribution of these enzymes within the liver lobule and to investigate possible differences in distribution in dogs with CPSS compared to healthy dogs. Furthermore, the effect of increasing ammonia concentrations on the expression of the urea cycle enzymes was investigated in primary hepatocytes in vitro. Gene-expression of CPS1, OTC, ASL, GLUD1 and NAGS was down regulated in dogs with CPSS and did not normalize after surgical closure of the shunt. In all dogs GLUL distribution was localized pericentrally. CPS1, OTC and ASS1 were localized periportally in healthy dogs, whereas in CPSS dogs, these enzymes lacked a clear zonal distribution. In primary hepatocytes higher ammonia concentrations induced mRNA levels of CPS1. We hypothesize that the reduction in expression of urea cycle enzymes, NAGS and GLUD1 as well as the alterations in zonal distribution in dogs with CPSS may be caused by a developmental arrest of these enzymes during the embryonic or early postnatal phase

Characterization of heterozygous and homozygous mouse models with the most common hypertrophic cardiomyopathy mutation MYBPC3 c.2373InsG in the Netherlands.

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is frequently caused by mutations in the cardiac myosin binding protein-C (cMyBP-C) encoding gene MYBPC3. In the Netherlands, approximately 25% of patients carry the MYBPC3 c.2373InsG founder mutation. Most patients are heterozygous (MYBPC3 +/InsG) and have highly variable phenotypic expression, whereas homozygous (MYBPC3 InsG/InsG) patients have severe HCM at a young age. To improve understanding of disease progression and genotype-phenotype relationship based on the hallmarks of human HCM, we characterized mice with CRISPR/Cas9-induced heterozygous and homozygous mutations. At 18-28 weeks of age, we assessed the cardiac phenotype of Mybpc3 +/InsG and Mybpc3 InsG/InsG mice with echocardiography, and performed histological analyses. Cytoskeletal proteins and cardiomyocyte contractility of 3-4 week old and 18-28 week old Mybpc3 c.2373InsG mice were compared to wild-type (WT) mice. Expectedly, knock-in of Mybpc3 c.2373InsG resulted in the absence of cMyBP-C and our 18-28 week old homozygous Mybpc3 c.2373InsG model developed cardiac hypertrophy and severe left ventricular systolic and diastolic dysfunction, whereas HCM was not evident in Mybpc3 +/InsG mice. Mybpc3 InsG/InsG cardiomyocytes also presented with slowed contraction-relaxation kinetics, to a greater extent in 18-28 week old mice, partially due to increased levels of detyrosinated tubulin and desmin, and reduced cardiac troponin I (cTnI) phosphorylation. Impaired cardiomyocyte contraction-relaxation kinetics were successfully normalized in 18-28 week old Mybpc3 InsG/InsG cardiomyocytes by combining detyrosination inhibitor parthenolide and β-adrenergic receptor agonist isoproterenol. Both the 3-4 week old and 18-28 week old Mybpc3 InsG/InsG models recapitulate HCM, with a severe phenotype present in the 18-28 week old model

Whole transcriptome analysis of canine pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma

Pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas (PPGLs) are neuroendocrine tumors arising from the chromaffin cells in the adrenal medulla and extra-adrenal paraganglia, respectively. Local invasion, concurrent disorders, and metastases prevent surgical removal, which is the most effective treatment to date. Given the current lack of effective medical treatment, there is a need for novel therapeutic strategies. To identify druggable pathways driving PPGL development, we performed RNA sequencing on PPGLs (n = 19) and normal adrenal medullas (NAMs; n = 10) of dogs. Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed that PPGLs clearly clustered apart from NAMs. In total, 4,218 genes were differentially expressed between PPGLs and NAMs. Of these, 232 had a log2 fold change of >3 or < −3, of which 149 were upregulated in PPGLs, and 83 were downregulated. Compared with NAMs, PPGLs had increased expression of genes related to the cell cycle, tumor development, progression and metastasis, hypoxia and angiogenesis, and the Wnt signaling pathway, and decreased expression of genes related to adrenal steroidogenesis. Our data revealed several overexpressed genes that could provide targets for novel therapeutics, such as Ret Proto-Oncogene (RET), Dopamine Receptor D2 (DRD2), and Secreted Frizzled Related Protein 2 (SFRP2). Based on the PCA, PPGLs were classified into 2 groups, of which group 1 had significantly higher Ki67 scores (p = 0.035) and shorter survival times (p = 0.04) than group 2. Increased expression of 1 of the differentially expressed genes between group 1 and 2, pleiotrophin (PTN), appeared to correlate with a more aggressive tumor phenotype. This study has shed light on the transcriptomic profile of canine PPGL, yielding new insights into the pathogenesis of these tumors in dogs, and revealed potential novel targets for therapy. In addition, we identified 2 transcriptionally distinct groups of PPGLs that had significantly different survival times

A novel IBA57 variant is associated with mitochondrial iron–sulfur protein deficiency and necrotizing myelopathy in dogs

Introduction: Hereditary necrotizing myelopathy (HNM) in young Kooiker dogs is characterized by progressive ataxia and paralysis with autosomal recessive inheritance. The basic genetic defect is unknown. We investigated the possible cause by a genome-wide analysis using six affected and 17 unrelated unaffected Kooiker dogs and by functional follow-up studies.Method: The HNM locus was mapped by a case–control study using a dense SNP array and confirmed by linkage analysis of two pedigrees. The gene exons in the critical region were analyzed by next-generation sequencing. The functional effect of the candidate canine IBA57 pathogenic variant was biochemically examined in an established HeLa cell culture model in which the endogenous IBA75 gene product was depleted by RNAi.Results: The basic defect was localized in the centromeric 5 Mb region of canine chromosome 14. The most associated SNP co-segregated fully with HNM and reached an LOD score of 6.1. A candidate pathogenic mutation was found in the iron–sulfur cluster assembly gene IBA57 and led to the amino acid substitution R147W. The expression of human IBA57 harboring the canine R147W exchange could only partially restore the biochemical defects of several mitochondrial [4Fe-4S] proteins upon IBA57 depletion, showing that the mutant protein is functionally impaired.Discussion: Pathogenic variants in human IBA57 cause multiple mitochondrial dysfunction syndrome 3 (MMDS3), a neurodegenerative disorder with distant similarities to HNM. The incomplete functional complementation of IBA57-depleted human cells by IBA57-R147W identifies the DNA mutation in affected Kooiker dogs as the genetic cause of HNM. Our findings further expand the phenotypic spectrum of pathogenic IBA57 variants

A novel IBA57 variant is associated with mitochondrial iron-sulfur protein deficiency and necrotizing myelopathy in dogs

Introduction: Hereditary necrotizing myelopathy (HNM) in young Kooiker dogs is characterized by progressive ataxia and paralysis with autosomal recessive inheritance. The basic genetic defect is unknown. We investigated the possible cause by a genome-wide analysis using six affected and 17 unrelated unaffected Kooiker dogs and by functional follow-up studies. Method: The HNM locus was mapped by a case-control study using a dense SNP array and confirmed by linkage analysis of two pedigrees. The gene exons in the critical region were analyzed by next-generation sequencing. The functional effect of the candidate canine IBA57 pathogenic variant was biochemically examined in an established HeLa cell culture model in which the endogenous IBA75 gene product was depleted by RNAi. Results: The basic defect was localized in the centromeric 5 Mb region of canine chromosome 14. The most associated SNP co-segregated fully with HNM and reached an LOD score of 6.1. A candidate pathogenic mutation was found in the iron-sulfur cluster assembly gene IBA57 and led to the amino acid substitution R147W. The expression of human IBA57 harboring the canine R147W exchange could only partially restore the biochemical defects of several mitochondrial [4Fe-4S] proteins upon IBA57 depletion, showing that the mutant protein is functionally impaired. Discussion: Pathogenic variants in human IBA57 cause multiple mitochondrial dysfunction syndrome 3 (MMDS3), a neurodegenerative disorder with distant similarities to HNM. The incomplete functional complementation of IBA57-depleted human cells by IBA57-R147W identifies the DNA mutation in affected Kooiker dogs as the genetic cause of HNM. Our findings further expand the phenotypic spectrum of pathogenic IBA57 variants

Targeting lipid metabolism as a new therapeutic strategy for inherited cardiomyopathies

Inherited cardiomyopathies caused by pathological genetic variants include multiple subtypes of heart disease. Advances in next-generation sequencing (NGS) techniques have allowed for the identification of numerous genetic variants as pathological variants. However, the disease penetrance varies among mutated genes. Some can be associated with more than one disease subtype, leading to a complex genotype-phenotype relationship in inherited cardiomyopathies. Previous studies have demonstrated disrupted metabolism in inherited cardiomyopathies and the importance of metabolic adaptations in disease onset and progression. In addition, genotype- and phenotype-specific metabolic alterations, especially in lipid metabolism, have been revealed. In this mini-review, we describe the metabolic changes that are associated with dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), which account for the largest proportion of inherited cardiomyopathies. We also summarize the affected expression of genes involved in fatty acid oxidation (FAO) in DCM and HCM, highlighting the potential of PPARA-targeting drugs as FAO modulators in treating patients with inherited cardiomyopathies

Transcriptome sequencing reveals two subtypes of cortisol-secreting adrenocortical tumours in dogs and identifies CYP26B1 as a potential new therapeutic target

Cushing's syndrome (CS) is a serious endocrine disorder that is relatively common in dogs, but rare in humans. In ~15%-20% of cases, CS is caused by a cortisol-secreting adrenocortical tumour (csACT). To identify differentially expressed genes that can improve prognostic predictions after surgery and represent novel treatment targets, we performed RNA sequencing on csACTs (n = 48) and normal adrenal cortices (NACs; n = 10) of dogs. A gene was declared differentially expressed when the adjusted p-value was 2 or < -2. Between NACs and csACTs, 98 genes were differentially expressed. Based on the principal component analysis (PCA) the csACTs were separated in two groups, of which Group 1 had significantly better survival after adrenalectomy (p = .002) than Group 2. Between csACT Group G1 and Group 2, 77 genes were differentially expressed. One of these, cytochrome P450 26B1 (CYP26B1), was significantly associated with survival in both our canine csACTs and in a publicly available data set of 33 human cortisol-secreting adrenocortical carcinomas. In the validation cohort, CYP26B1 was also expressed significantly higher (p = .012) in canine csACTs compared with NACs. In future studies it would be interesting to determine whether CYP26B1 inhibitors could inhibit csACT growth in both dogs and humans

Large Animal Models in Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering: To Do or Not to Do

Rapid developments in Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering has witnessed an increasing drive toward clinical translation of breakthrough technologies. However, the progression of promising preclinical data to achieve successful clinical market authorisation remains a bottleneck. One hurdle for progress to the clinic is the transition from small animal research to advanced preclinical studies in large animals to test safety and efficacy of products. Notwithstanding this, to draw meaningful and reliable conclusions from animal experiments it is critical that the species and disease model of choice is relevant to answer the research question as well as the clinical problem. Selecting the most appropriate animal model requires in-depth knowledge of specific species and breeds to ascertain the adequacy of the model and outcome measures that closely mirror the clinical situation. Traditional reductionist approaches in animal experiments, which often do not sufficiently reflect the studied disease, are still the norm and can result in a disconnect in outcomes observed between animal studies and clinical trials. To address these concerns a reconsideration in approach will be required. This should include a stepwise approach using in vitro and ex vivo experiments as well as in silico modeling to minimize the need for in vivo studies for screening and early development studies, followed by large animal models which more closely resemble human disease. Naturally occurring, or spontaneous diseases in large animals remain a largely untapped resource, and given the similarities in pathophysiology to humans they not only allow for studying new treatment strategies but also disease etiology and prevention. Naturally occurring disease models, particularly for longer lived large animal species, allow for studying disorders at an age when the disease is most prevalent. As these diseases are usually also a concern in the chosen veterinary species they would be beneficiaries of newly developed therapies. Improved awareness of the progress in animal models is mutually beneficial for animals, researchers, human and veterinary patients. In this overview we describe advantages and disadvantages of various animal models including domesticated and companion animals used in regenerative medicine and tissue engineering to provide an informed choice of disease-relevant animal models