Neurogénesis hipocampal adulta: papel en el deterioro cognitivo post-ictus y estrategias farmacológicas para su modulación

En los países occidentales, el ictus sigue considerándose como una de las patologías más devastadoras en términos tanto económicos como sociosanitarios. Mientras que la mayoría de los tratamientos se han enfocado en estudiar y promover la recuperación de la función motora, apenas se conocen los mecanismos por los cuales el ictus da lugar a pérdidas de la función cognitiva a largo plazo. Para entender la fisiopatología de estos déficits, decidimos explorar las alteraciones cognitivas que se producen en un modelo experimental de isquemia cerebral mediante la oclusión permanente de la arteria cerebral media(pMCAO).Con este modelo experimental, pusimos de manifiesto que la isquemia cerebral produce un deterioro cognitivo a largo plazo en las memorias dependientes de hipocampo, tanto de tipo contextual como espacial, y que estos déficits se debían a una alteración en el patrón específico de activación neuronal en la formación hipocampal. Como se ha comentado, los déficits cognitivos que hemos encontrado son dependientes del hipocampo, una de las principales estructuras cerebrales implicadas en procesos de memoria y aprendizaje. En nuestro modelo experimental, a pesar que el daño tisular que se produce es exclusivamente a nivel cortical, la isquemia cerebral, produce un engrosamiento de la capa granular del giro dentado hipocampal que se correlaciona con un mayor deterioro cognitivo.Puesto que dicha región es conocida por ser una de las regiones neurogénicas principales en el cerebro de mamíferos adultos, estudiamos si la neurogénesis estaba participando en este proceso. Mediante un estudio temporal demostramos que, en efecto, el ictus potencia una respuesta neurogénica hipocampal bilateral sostenida durante al menos un mes, que da lugar a nuevas neuronas integradas en los circuitos hipocampales. Sorprendentemente, la respuesta neurogénica paralela al mayor volumen de la capa granular, se correlacionó con un mayor déficit de memoria..

Metaplastic Carcinoma of the Breast with Neuroectodermal Stromal Component

A unique case of metaplastic breast carcinoma with an epithelial component showing tumoral necrosis and neuroectodermal stromal component is described. The tumor grew rapidly and measured 9 cm at the time of diagnosis. No lymph node metastases were present. The disease progressed rapidly and the patient died two years after the diagnosis from a hemorrhage caused by brain metastases. The morphology and phenotype of the tumor are described in detail and the differential diagnostic options are discussed

Imágenes periodísticas de la inmigración. Aportaciones metodológicas al estudio de la comunicación visual

With the Framing theory as a reference, a content analysis was developed, with Spanish media news photographs and images about immigration as units of analysis. 558 news were selected, 55.44% were press messages and the rest, 44.56%, television news. The aspects studied for each of the images contained in the sample were referred to the presence or absence of the different actors and geographical and physical places in them, and linked to immigration. Using a factorial analysis of these variables, four visual news frames in the immigration news were located and, also, related with the textual news frames of immigration. Results showed the relation between both, making more visible and understandable the transmitted information. Also, we discuss about the role of these frames as a complement of the textual information and its effects on public opinion.Partiendo de los postulados de la teoría del encuadre o framing, se desarrolló un análisis de contenido de las imágenes aparecidas en las noticias españolas sobre inmigración. En total se seleccionaron 588 noticias (55.44% de prensa y 44.56% de televisión). Los aspectos estudiados para cada una de las imágenes de la muestra se refirieron a la presencia o ausencia de los diferentes actores y lugares físicos o geográficos emplazados en ellas. A partir de un análisis factorial de dichas variables se localizaron cuatro encuadres noticiosos visuales, que se pusieron en relación con los encuadres textuales sobre inmigración. Los resultados mostraron la relación entre ambos, haciendo más visible y entendible la información transmitida. Se discute sobre el papel de estos encuadres complementariamente a la información textual y sus efectos sobre la opinión pública

Lysyl oxidase is downregulated by the EWS/FLI1 oncoprotein and its propeptide domain displays tumor supressor activities in Ewing sarcoma cells

This study was funded by grants of the Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (SAF2009-10158), the Fundación Científica de la Científica Española Contra el Cáncer and the Fundación María Francisca de Roviralta. N. Agra was supported by the Fundación General de la U.A.M. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.S

Control of agitation rate and aeration for enhanced polygalacturonase production in submerged fermentation by Aspergillus sojae using agro-industrial wastes

BACKGROUND: The koji mold Aspergillus sojae, an industrially important microorganism, can produce high levels of pectinases utilizing agro-industrial wastes. This study introduces apricot and peach pomace, two agro-industrial wastes barely considered as raw material for the generation of value-added products, and focuses on its utilization together with orange peel for polygalacturonase production in submerged cultures using A. sojae. RESULTS: A Doehlert response surface methodology design conducted in shake flasks and applied individually with these three by-products led to 60–80 U mL−1 polygalacturonase activity. In bioreactor studies performed with a mixture of apricot pomace and orange peel, by fixing stirrer speed to 600 rpm and cascading airflow to the dissolved oxygen tension up to 1.7 vvm, oxygen limitation problems were overcome and polygalacturonase activity values of 380 U mL−1 were achieved. CONCLUSION: A simple and efficient strategy to minimize oxygen limitation with the lowest possible shear stress is provided for stirred-tank bioreactors working with highly viscous broths, so as to ultimately enhance microbial enzyme production. The polygalacturonase activity yields obtained in our study are among the highest reported in the literature.Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Fermentaciones Industriale

Control of agitation rate and aeration for enhanced polygalacturonase production in submerged fermentation by Aspergillus sojae using agro-industrial wastes

BACKGROUND: The koji mold Aspergillus sojae, an industrially important microorganism, can produce high levels of pectinases utilizing agro-industrial wastes. This study introduces apricot and peach pomace, two agro-industrial wastes barely considered as raw material for the generation of value-added products, and focuses on its utilization together with orange peel for polygalacturonase production in submerged cultures using A. sojae. RESULTS: A Doehlert response surface methodology design conducted in shake flasks and applied individually with these three by-products led to 60–80 U mL−1 polygalacturonase activity. In bioreactor studies performed with a mixture of apricot pomace and orange peel, by fixing stirrer speed to 600 rpm and cascading airflow to the dissolved oxygen tension up to 1.7 vvm, oxygen limitation problems were overcome and polygalacturonase activity values of 380 U mL−1 were achieved. CONCLUSION: A simple and efficient strategy to minimize oxygen limitation with the lowest possible shear stress is provided for stirred-tank bioreactors working with highly viscous broths, so as to ultimately enhance microbial enzyme production. The polygalacturonase activity yields obtained in our study are among the highest reported in the literature.Fil: Fratebianchi de la Parra, Dante. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Fermentaciones Industriales. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas. Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Fermentaciones Industriales; ArgentinaFil: Crespo, Juan Manuel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Fermentaciones Industriales. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas. Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Fermentaciones Industriales; ArgentinaFil: Tari, Canan. Izmir Institute of Technology; TurquíaFil: Cavalitto, Sebastian Fernando. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Fermentaciones Industriales. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas. Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Fermentaciones Industriales; Argentin

Conspiratio haeretico-christianissima in religionem imperium hispanum : austriacos & fiduciales eorum iure... damnata arma austriaca germano-hispanica por religione & imperio... iure... defensa

Copia digital. Madrid : Ministerio de Cultura. Subdirección General de Coordinación Bibliotecaria, 2008Sign.: [cruz]\p4\s, A-Z\p4\s, 2A-2D\p4\s, 2D-2F\p4\s, 2G\p2\sError de pag.: de p. 216 pasa a 221; y error de sign.: repetido el cuaderno 2

Grupo SMU: su compleja reestructuración corporativa

This case examines the corporate restructuring process of SMU Group, a Chilean retail supermarket chain. The restructuring process was triggered by an internal situation involving operational inefficiencies between the years 2007 and 2012, following an aggressive acquisition process. These problems were the result of an aggressive “Buy-and-Build” strategy, thanks to which by the end of 2012 the Group had grown to become the third largest player in the supermarket industry in Chile. Although this strategy allowed the conglomerate to consolidate its competitive position, it was based on inorganic growth that hid the differences in the operational performance of the different chains and did not allow the Group to take advantage of its own synergies in the process of consolidating the holding company. Around mid-2013, this lack of definition in SMU's competitive strategy resulted in a serious deterioration of its financial position, due to the significant indebtedness taken on to finance acquisitions, as well as the insufficient generation of cash flow. Furthermore, when compared to the two main players in the industry, SMU showed lower levels of profitability and sales per square meter. To overcome this crisis, SMU implemented a three-year strategic plan (2014-2016), reinforcing three fundamental areas: finance, operations and commercial. The goal was to restore financial viability to the conglomerate by the end of 2016. After executing its plan, SMU achieved an improvement at the operational and commercial levels. However, in the first months of 2017, the risk rating agencies still had doubts about SMU's future performance and its crisis management capacity. For this reason, Álvaro Saieh, who was serving at the time as Chairman of the Company's Board of Directors, had several questions: could SMU's 3-year operational and strategic restructuring plan be considered successful? what are the critical variables that will ensure the sustainability of the company and its growth in the coming years? will I be questioned again like I was in 2013? and finally, what possibilities do I have to create corporate value in the future?El presente caso relata el proceso de reestructuración corporativa del Grupo SMU, ligado a la industria chilena de supermercados minoristas, detonado por una situación interna provocada por ineficiencias operativas posteriores a un agresivo proceso de adquisiciones ocurrido entre los años 2007 y 2012. Esta problemática la experimentó el Grupo SMU, quien a través de una política de “Buy and Build” se convirtió en el tercer actor de la industria de supermercados en Chile a finales del año 2012. Si bien esta estrategia le permitió afianzar la posición competitiva del conglomerado, causó un crecimiento inorgánico que ocultó las diferencias en el desempeño operacional de las diferentes cadenas y no permitió el aprovechamiento de sinergias propias en el proceso de consolidación de un holding. Por ello, a mediados del año 2013, la falta de definición en la estrategia competitiva de SMU tuvo como consecuencia un fuerte debilitamiento en su posición financiera debido al significativo endeudamiento que se utilizaba para financiar las adquisiciones, así como por la insuficiente generación de flujos de caja. Por otro lado, comparado con los dos principales actores de la industria, SMU mostraba menores niveles de rentabilidad y de ventas por metro cuadrado. Así, para hacer frente a la crisis, SMU implementó un plan estratégico trianual (2014-2016) sobre el fortalecimiento de tres pilares fundamentales: financiero, operacional y comercial, cuya meta era devolver la viabilidad financiera al conglomerado a finales del año 2016. Tras la implementación de dicho plan, SMU logró una mejora a nivel operacional y comercial. Sin embargo, en los primeros meses de 2017 las Clasificadoras de Riesgo aún tenían dudas sobre el desempeño futuro de SMU y su capacidad de gestión de la crisis. Por ello, Álvaro Saieh, quien se desempeñaba en ese momento como presidente del Directorio de la empresa, tenía diversas interrogantes relacionadas principalmente a si: ¿Fue exitoso el plan de reestructuración operacional y estratégico que llevó a cabo SMU en los últimos tres años? ¿Cuáles serían las variables críticas para asegurar la sostenibilidad de la compañía y su crecimiento en los próximos años? ¿Volveré a ser cuestionado como en 2013? Finalmente, ¿qué posibilidades tengo para crear valor corporativo en el futuro

Comparative toxicological assessment of three soils polluted with different levels of hydrocarbons and heavy metals using in vitro and in vivo approaches

The biological effects induced by the pollutants present in soils, together with the chemical and physical characterizations, are good indicators to provide a general overview of their quality. However, the existence of studies where the toxicity associated to soils contaminated with mixtures of pollutants applying both in vitro and in vivo models are scarce. In this work, three soils (namely, Soil 001, Soil 002 and Soil 013) polluted with different concentrations of hydrocarbons and heavy metals were evaluated using different organisms representative of human (HepG2 human cell line) and environmental exposure (the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the Gram-negative bacterium Pseudomonas putida and, for the in vivo evaluation, the annelid Enchytraeus crypticus). In vitro assays showed that the soluble fraction of the Soil 001, which presented the highest levels of heavy metals, represented a great impact in the viability of the HepG2 cells and S. cerevisiae, while organic extracts from Soils 002 and 013 caused a slight decrease in the viability of HepG2 cells. In addition, in vivo experiments showed that Soils 001 and 013 affected the survival and the reproduction of E. crypticus. Altogether, these results provide a general overview of the potential hazards associated to three specific contaminated sites in a variety of organisms, showing how different concentrations of similar pollutants affect them, and highlights the relevance of testing both organic and soluble extracts when in vitro safety assays of soils are performed.This work received funding from the GREENER project of the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program (Grant Agreement No. 826312). S. Curiel-Alegre was granted with a predoctoral contract by Junta de Castilla y León and the European Social Fund (ORDEN EDU/1508/2020, de 15 de diciembre). We thank Mireya Pedrero and Andrea Martínez for their technical support. We also thank Institute of Technology Carlow and Shandong Academy of Sciences for kindly providing us with soil samples

El tratamiento informativo de la inmigración en los medios de comunicación españoles. Un análisis de contenido desde la Teoría del Framing

Adopting the Framing Theory as a basis, news treatment of immigration in Spanish mass media was analyzed, due to the potential role such media might play in the formation of stereotypes and prejudicial attitudes. One week of TV prime-time news and daily newspapers were revised from January to June 2004. 485 units of analysis were obtained. Results show that most of the news refer to negative issues, especially the news frame that links delinquency and immigration. Besides, those news frames are the most highlightened. Futhermore, results also show that television offers news with a higher degree of sensationalism. Eventually, a reflection about the socio-cognitive consequences of this media practice is made because it transforms a social problem into a public one