Using discarded oyster shells to obtain biodiesel

Biodiesel production was studied through the transesterification of used edible vegetable oil, using a calcium oxide (CaO) catalyst derived from Crassostrea Virginica oyster shells. Which were calcined at 900 ° C for 2 hours and characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM-EDX), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). The efficiency of conversion to methyl esters was evaluated using 2%, 3% and 4% of catalyst and they were analyzed by 1H NMR. The results showing that concentrations greater than 2% of CaO generate biodiesel conversions greater than 90%.Objective: To evaluate the CaO made from oyster shell (C. virginica) as a heterogeneous catalyst in the transesterification of edible vegetable oil used for the production of biodiesel. Design / methodology / approach: A completely randomized experimental design was used, which grouped 3 treatments with 3 repetitions, generating a total of 9 experimental units. The response variable was the performance of the transesterification reaction that was evaluated with 2%, 3% and 4% of CaO obtained from oyster shells. The density, kinematic viscosity, acidity, and conversion efficiency to methyl esters were determined by 1H NMR of the products of each treatment. Results: The treatment with 3% catalyst showed the highest reaction yield (92.2%) compared to the treatments with 2% (86.8%) and 4% catalyst (87.13%). The 1H NMR spectra confirmed the presence of methyl esters in the product of the three treatments. The treatment with 3% and 4% by weight of catalyst presented products with similar characteristics with acceptable values ​​of density, viscosity and acid number in accordance with the ASTM D6751 and EN1421 standards. Study limitations / implications: A concentration of 2% by weight of CaO generates a conversion percentage far from the content of methyl esters established by the ASTM D6751 and EN14214 Standards (> 96.5%). Findings / conclusions: 1H NMR results indicate that the conversion efficiency to methyl esters is positively affected by the amount of catalyst. In the treatments with catalyst loading greater than 2%, the conversion to methyl esters increased significantly to values ​​around 90%

Revaluation of agri-food waste to obtain bioethanol

Objective: Bioethanol production from the alcoholic fermentation of agri-food waste. Design/methodology/approach: Agri-food waste was collected for a month and separated into fruit and legume residues; their size was reduced, and they were washed with hot acetone. A batch of 100 g of residue underwent acid hydrolysis with 5% H2SO4 solution at 125 °C, the hydrolysate was fermented with Saccharomyces cerevisiae at 30 °C for 48 h; the ferment was distilled at 78° C. The amount of sugars was determined by phenol-sulfuric method. The °Brix, density and % w/w of ethanol were measured in a density meter. Results: From the fruit residues an organic fraction was obtained with a total sugar amount of 53.3 g/100 g of residue and 9.6 °Brix, generating 45 mL of distillate with 3.8 % w/w of bioethanol. The organic fraction from the legume residues had a total amount of sugar of 19.4 g and 4.140 °Brix, generating 30 mL of distillate with 2.5 % w/w of bioethanol. Limitations on study/implications: The rapid decomposition of waste by the attack of bacteria and fungi complicates its long-term storage. Findings/conclusions: Fermentable sugars can be obtained from the evaluated agri-food waste to obtain bioethanol. In this way they can be integrated into the value chain as feedstock, reducing their accumulation and the environmental impact generated by their final disposal.Objective: to produce bioethanol from the alcoholic fermentation of agri-food waste.Design/methodology/approach: food waste was collected for one month and separated into fruit and fabaceous waste; its size was reduced and then washed with hot acetone. A batch of 100 g of residue underwent acid hydrolysis with 5 %H 2 SO 4 at 125 °C, the hydrolysate was fermented with Saccharomyces cerevisiae at 30 °C for 48 h; the ferment was then distilled at 78 °C. The sugar content was determined following the phenol-sulfuric method. Brix degrees, density andpercentage w/w ethanol were measured with a densimeter.Results: from the fruit residues, an organic fraction was obtained with a total sugar content of 53.3 g/100 g of residue and 9.6 °Brix, generating 45 mL of distillate with 3.8 % w/w of bioethanol. From the fabaceae residues, an organic fraction was obtained with a total sugar content of 19.4 g and 4.140 °Brix, generating 30 mL of distillate with 2.54 % w/w of bioethanol.Study limitations/implications: Rapid decomposition of waste due to bacterial and fungal decomposition complicates long-term storage.Findings/conclusions: fermentable sugars can be obtained from the evaluated agri-food waste to obtain bioethanol. In this way, they can be integrated into the value chain as raw materials, reducing their accumulation and the environmental impact generated by their final disposal

Evaluacion de óxido de calcio e hidróxido de calcio para la obtención de fibra de celulosa

Objective: To evaluate the use of calcium oxide and calcium hydroxide as an alternative reagent in the extraction of cellulose fiber. Design/methodology/approach: Sugarcane straw of the variety Méx 69-290 (Saccharum spp.), dry and with a size of 40 mm in length, was used. For the extraction of the fiber, three reagents were evaluated, sodium hydroxide at 10%, calcium hydroxide at 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30%, calcium oxide at 5, 7.5 and 10%. The 9 treatments were performed using the completely randomized design with 5 and 4 repetitions, respectively. The method used to extract the cellulose fiber was the artisanal one and 100 g of dry straw was used for each process. Results: The obtaining of cellulose fiber and the yield of cellulose fiber with calcium hydroxide at a concentration higher than 25% was higher than that obtained with 10% sodium hydroxide. The characteristics of the sheets formed with the cellulose fiber extracted with 25% calcium hydroxide and 10% sodium hydroxide were similar and their quality. With the cellulose fiber obtained from calcium hydroxide at 25 and 30%, it was possible to make artisanal vessels with good consistency and beauty. Limitations of the study / implications: The extraction of cellulose fiber with calcium hydroxide generates greater rejection of straw. Findings / conclusions: The cellulose fiber extracted with calcium hydroxide allows the production of artisanal paper and vessels.Objetivo: Evaluar el uso del óxido de calcio e hidróxido de calcio como reactivos alternativos en la obtención de fibra de celulosa. Diseño/metodología/aproximación: Se utilizó paja de caña de azúcar de la variedad Méx 69-290, seca y con un tamaño de 40 mm de longitud. Para la extracción de la fibra se evaluaron tres reactivos, hidróxido de sodio al 10%, hidróxido de calcio al 10, 15, 20, 25 y 30%, y óxido de calcio al 5, 7.5 y 10%. Los 9 tratamientos, se realizaron usando un diseño completamente al azar con 5 y 4 repeticiones, respectivamente. El método usado para extraer la fibra de celulosa fue el artesanal y para cada proceso se usó 100 g de paja seca. Resultados: La obtención de fibra y el rendimiento de fibra de celulosa con hidróxido de calcio a una concentración mayor de 25%, fue superior a la obtenida con hidróxido de sodio al 10%. Las características de las hojas formadas con la fibra de celulosa extraída con hidróxido de calcio al 25% e hidróxido de sodio al 10% fueron similares y su calidad. Con la fibra de celulosa obtenida de hidróxido de calcio al 25 y 30% fue posible elaborar vasijas artesanales con buena consistencia y belleza. Limitaciones del estudio/implicaciones: La extracción de fibra de celulosa con hidróxido de calcio genera mayor rechazo de paja. Hallazgos/conclusiones: La fibra de celulosa extraída con hidróxido de calcio permite elaborar papel artesanal y vasijas

Determinación nutrimental de piña criolla (Ananas comosus L. Merril) en la sub-región de la Chontalpa Tabasco, México

Objective: To know the nutritional status of the pineapple crop (Ananas comosus L. Merril). Design/methodology/approach: The experiment was established in the Ejido La Esperanza of the municipality of Huimanguillo. A sample of soil and foliage (leaf D) of the pineapple crop was taken, of which three repetitions were used at random, taking 15 leaves per repetition. Results: High concentrations of nitrogen (N), potassium (K) and magnesium (Mg) were found. And in relation to phosphorus (P), calcium (Ca), copper (Cu), Zinc (Zn) and boron (B) were low. The optimum iron (Fe) and medium manganese (Mn) contents in the plant tissue. Limitations of the study/implications: The important limitation of this study is that the irrigation conditions were not included. Findings / Conclusions: It was found that the soil is strongly acid and has problems of excess iron and that the concentrations of the macronutrients in the plant tissue and the micronutrients in the plant tissue are not directly related to the contents of some elements in the soil. It is necessary to make a study on the needs of each element in each of the phenological stages of the Creole pineapple crop. Although the foliar analysis gives a vision for the sustainable management of crop nutrition.Objetivo: Conocer el estado nutrimental del cultivo de piña (Ananas comosus L. Merril). Diseño/metodología/aproximación: El experimento se estableció en el Ejido La Esperanza de Huimanguillo, Tabasco, México. Se tomó una muestra de suelo y del follaje (hoja D) del cultivo de piña, de las cuales se utilizaron tres repeticiones al azar, tomando 15 hojas por repetición. Resultados: Se encontraron concentraciones altas de nitrógeno (N), potasio (K) y magnesio (Mg). Y con relación al fósforo (P), calcio (Ca), cobre (Cu), Zinc (Zn) y boro (B) estuvieron bajos. Los contenidos de fierro (Fe) óptimos y medios para manganeso (Mn) en el tejido vegetal. Limitaciones del estudio/implicaciones: La limitación importante de este estudio es que no se contó con riego. Hallazgos/conclusiones: El suelo es fuertemente ácido y tiene problemas de exceso de fierro y las concentraciones de los macronutrientes en el tejido vegetal y los micronutrientes no están relacionadas directamente con los contenidos de algunos elementos en el suelo. Es necesario hacer un estudio sobre las necesidades de cada elemento en cada una de las etapas fenológicas del cultivo de piña criolla. Aunque el análisis foliar da una visión para el manejo sostenible de la nutrición del cultivo

Preparación y caracterización de bioplástico a partir de almidón del fruto de pan de sopa (Artocarpus altilis (s. park) fosberg)

Objective: Obtain and characterize a biodegradable material, using as raw material the breadfruit (Artocarpus altillis (s. park) fosberg) starch. Desing/methodology/approach: The breadfruit starch was extracted using wet method. The dried starch was mixed with glycerol, water and HCl 1N approx. at 75 °C until obtaining the bioplastic, which was characterized by FT-IR and SEM-EDX spectroscopy. Results: The highest starch content is obtained in the intermediate stage of fruit development (mature-green) with a 10% yield. Infrared and SEM-EDX tests were performed on both the starch and the bioplastic obtained. The SEM-EDX showed that for the starch the average granule diameter is between 2.5 ± 0.2 to 8.4 ± 0.2 µm with a spherical geometry, with cuts in random directions. Limitations on study/implications: There are no significant technological limitations, but there are implications that impact the accelerated development of the bioplastics trade. Findings/conclusions: Breadfruit starch was isolated and characterized with Infrared and SEM-EDX techniques. A bioplastic material was obtained from starch, using glycerol and water as plasticizer, finding that the ratio (1:10, starch: water) generates a material with the best thermoplastic characteristics.Objetivo: Obtener y caracterizar un material biodegradable, utilizando como materia prima el almidón del fruto del pan de sopa (Artocarpus altillis (s. park) fosberg) Diseño/metodología/aproximación: Se extrajo el almidón del fruto del pan de sopa por el método húmedo. El almidón seco, se mezcló con glicerol, agua y HCl 1N aproximadamente a 75 °C hasta obtener un bioplástico, el cual se caracterizó por espectroscopia de FT-IR y SEM-EDX. Resultados: El mayor contenido de almidón se obtiene en la etapa intermedia de desarrollo del fruto (verde-maduro) con un 10% de rendimiento. Se realizaron pruebas de infrarrojo y SEM-EDX, tanto del almidón como del bioplástico obtenido. El SEM-EDX mostró que para el almidón el diámetro de granulo promedio es entre 2.5 ± 0.2 a 8.4 ± 0.2 µm con una geometría de tipo esférica, con cortes en direcciones aleatorias. Limitaciones del estudio/implicaciones: No se observan limitaciones tecnológicas importantes, pero si implicaciones que impactan en el desarrollo acelerado del comercio de bioplásticos. Hallazgos/conclusiones: Se aisló almidón del fruto pan de sopa y se caracterizó con técnicas de Infrarrojo y SEM-EDX. Se obtuvo un material bioplástico a partir del almidón, empleando como plastificante glicerol y agua, encontrándose que la proporción (1:10, almidón:agua)  genera un material con las mejores características de termoplástico

Procurement and characterization of cellulose nanocrystals from cassava bagasse (Manihot esculenta Crantz)

ABSTRACT Objective: Obtaining and characterizing cellulose nanocrystals from cassava bagasse. Design/methodology/approach: Cellulose nanocrystals were obtained from cassava bagasse by acid hydrolysis (HCI), ultrasonication, centrifugation, dialysis, deep freezing and lyophilization. The cassava bagasse and the cellulose nanocrystals obtained were physiochemically characterized by Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Scanning Electron Microscopy with Coupled Elemental Analysis (SEM-EDS). As an additional technique, Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) was used. Results: The analyzes performed show that the cellulose obtained was type Iβ. This study reports a percentage of crystallinity of cassava bagasse cellulose of 37.1%, increasing the percentage to 48% of crystallinity in cellulose nanocrystals. The diameters of the cassava bagasse fibers were reported to be 2 μm and their elemental composition (SEM-EDS) mainly constituted by carbon (C), oxygen (O) and traces of (N). The morphology observed through AFM of the nanocrystals of cassava bagasse (Manihot esculenta) was rod-shaped, with a helical appearance without residual charge, with diameters between 8.7 and 9.3 nm. Limitations on study/implications: The acid hydrolysis process showed a low percentage of crystallinity, although higher than other works reported for cassava bagasse. Findings/conclusions: The results obtained show the possibility of obtaining cellulose nanocrystals from cassava bagasse ().    Objective: To procure and characterize cellulose nanocrystals from cassava bagasse. Design/methodology/approach: Cellulose nanocrystals were obtained from cassava bagasse by acid hydrolysis (HCI), ultrasonication, centrifugation, dialysis, deep freezing and lyophilization. The cassava bagasse and the cellulose nanocrystals obtained were physicochemically characterized by Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Scanning Electron Microscopy with Coupled Elemental Analysis (SEM-EDS). As an additional technique, Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) was used. Results: The analyses performed show that the cellulose obtained was type Iβ. This study reports a percentage of crystallinity of the cassava bagasse cellulose of 37.1%, increasing the percentage to 48% crystallinity in cellulose nanocrystals. The diameters of the cassava bagasse fibers were reported to be 2 μm and their elemental composition (SEM-EDS) mainly constituted by carbon (C), oxygen (O) and traces of nitrogen (N). The morphology observed through AFM of the nanocrystals of cassava bagasse (Manihot esculenta) was rod-shaped, with helicoidal appearance without residual charge, with diameters between 8.7 and 9.3 nm. Limitations on study/implications: The acid hydrolysis process showed a low percentage of crystallinity, although higher than other works reported for cassava bagasse. Findings/conclusions: The results obtained confirm the possibility of obtaining cellulose nanocrystals from cassava bagasse (Manihot esculenta)

Measurement of differential cross sections for top quark pair production using the lepton plus jets final state in proton-proton collisions at 13 TeV

National Science Foundation (U.S.

Identification of heavy-flavour jets with the CMS detector in pp collisions at 13 TeV

Many measurements and searches for physics beyond the standard model at the LHC rely on the efficient identification of heavy-flavour jets, i.e. jets originating from bottom or charm quarks. In this paper, the discriminating variables and the algorithms used for heavy-flavour jet identification during the first years of operation of the CMS experiment in proton-proton collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of 13 TeV, are presented. Heavy-flavour jet identification algorithms have been improved compared to those used previously at centre-of-mass energies of 7 and 8 TeV. For jets with transverse momenta in the range expected in simulated $\mathrm{t}\overline{\mathrm{t}}$ events, these new developments result in an efficiency of 68% for the correct identification of a b jet for a probability of 1% of misidentifying a light-flavour jet. The improvement in relative efficiency at this misidentification probability is about 15%, compared to previous CMS algorithms. In addition, for the first time algorithms have been developed to identify jets containing two b hadrons in Lorentz-boosted event topologies, as well as to tag c jets. The large data sample recorded in 2016 at a centre-of-mass energy of 13 TeV has also allowed the development of new methods to measure the efficiency and misidentification probability of heavy-flavour jet identification algorithms. The heavy-flavour jet identification efficiency is measured with a precision of a few per cent at moderate jet transverse momenta (between 30 and 300 GeV) and about 5% at the highest jet transverse momenta (between 500 and 1000 GeV)

Evidence for the Higgs boson decay to a bottom quark–antiquark pair

info:eu-repo/semantics/publishe

Particle-flow reconstruction and global event description with the CMS detector

The CMS apparatus was identified, a few years before the start of the LHC operation at CERN, to feature properties well suited to particle-flow (PF) reconstruction: a highly-segmented tracker, a fine-grained electromagnetic calorimeter, a hermetic hadron calorimeter, a strong magnetic field, and an excellent muon spectrometer. A fully-fledged PF reconstruction algorithm tuned to the CMS detector was therefore developed and has been consistently used in physics analyses for the first time at a hadron collider. For each collision, the comprehensive list of final-state particles identified and reconstructed by the algorithm provides a global event description that leads to unprecedented CMS performance for jet and hadronic tau decay reconstruction, missing transverse momentum determination, and electron and muon identification. This approach also allows particles from pileup interactions to be identified and enables efficient pileup mitigation methods. The data collected by CMS at a centre-of-mass energy of 8 TeV show excellent agreement with the simulation and confirm the superior PF performance at least up to an average of 20 pileup interactions