Youth between state and rebel (dis) orders: contesting legitimacy from below in Sub-Sahara Africa

The Sahel has gained attention in international politics as one of the central theatres in the war on terrorism. International actors in this war seek alliances with states in the region, reinforcing the latter’s military strength and their legitimacy from outside. At the same time, increasingly-connected young populations question the legitimacy of their states, and contest that legitimacy from within and below. In the absence of states delivering any reasonable form of social contract, young people become torn between different governing orders and find themselves in a liminal space. In this article we present the cases of youth in Mali and Chad, who find themselves in a period of re-definition of their position in society and hence search for legitimate structures representation. In this search they may frame their belonging in terms of ethnicity, religion or political opposition – and increasingly also in adherence to global citizenship. New information flows and connectivity among young people in these regions, and between them and the diaspora, has given a new turn to their search for citizenship/belonging and rightful representation. However, whether their search will be successful in this geopolitical context is questionable.ASC – Publicaties niet-programma gebonde

Process for preparing monodispersed emulsions

A process for preparing an emulsion is disclosed comprising: injecting a first liquid as dispersed phase liquid through a central inlet of a microchannel (15) system with a cross junction geometry chip and injecting a second liquid as continuous phase liquid through the outer cross inlet (16), which continuous phase liquid does not instantly mix with said injected first liquid prior to the cross junction, wherein the flow rate Qc of the continuous phase in cubic meters per second is given by (I) where A is the exit area of the microchannel (17) in square meters, y the interfacial tension between the first liquid and the second liquid in Newtons per meter and [mu]d the viscosity of the dispersed phase in Pascal-seconds, characterized in that f is in the range from 0.04 to 0.25

Process for preparing monodispersed emulsions

A process for preparing an emulsion is disclosed comprising: injecting a first liquid as dispersed phase liquid through a central inlet of a microchannel (15) system with a cross junction geometry chip and injecting a second liquid as continuous phase liquid through the outer cross inlet (16), which continuous phase liquid does not instantly mix with said injected first liquid prior to the cross junction, wherein the flow rate Qc of the continuous phase in cubic meters per second is given by (I) where A is the exit area of the microchannel (17) in square meters, y the interfacial tension between the first liquid and the second liquid in Newtons per meter and [mu]d the viscosity of the dispersed phase in Pascal-seconds, characterized in that f is in the range from 0.04 to 0.25

De Heilig-Kruiskapel in Utrecht: Sint-Maarten of Sint-Salvator?

For centuries there has been a small chapel at Dom square in Utrecht, squeezed in between Dom cathedral, consecrated to St Maarten, and the church of St Salvator or Oudmunster: the Heilig- Kruiskapel. In the thirties this chapel was dated to the tenth century by the archaeologist A.E. van Giffen. However, a few years ago the Utrecht town archaeologist H.L. de Groot expressed the assumption that we are dealing with a church from the end of the seventh century here, notably with the first St Maarten's church rebuilt by the Anglo-Saxon missionary Willibrord on the foundations of an older little church. However, we are of the opinion that, if the Heilig-Kruiskapel does indeed date back to the time of Willibrord, we are not dealing with the first St Maarten's church, but with the church of St Salvator founded by the missionary. Our arguments are the following: l . There appear to be no archaeological indications that the Heilig-Kruiskapel was rebuilt on the foundations of an older little church, as Willibrord's pupil Boniface - who also worked in Utrecht and even built a church there - wrote in a letter to the pope about the St Maarten's church rebuilt by Willibrord. 2. Later in the Middle Ages the chapel did not belong to St Maarten's or Dom chapter, but to the chapter of St Salvator or Oudmunster. The function of baptistery, given to the chapel by the I4th-century historiographer Jan Beke, proves to have been taken over by Oudmunster later on. 3. Beke makes mention of the building of a new St Salvator church by Boniface next to the church founded by Willibrord. On that occasion the old church must have received the patrocinium of the Holy Cross. 4. The patrocinia of St Salvator and of the Holy Cross are closely related: both refer to Jesus Christ, who died on the cross for the salvation - Salvator means Saviour - of mankind. 5. St Maarten's or Dom chapter has never claimed that the Heilig-Kruiskapel was the first St Maarten's church. 6. Finally, as far as the Heilig-Kruiskapel is concerned, medieval historiography unequivocally refers to the first St Salvator church built by Willibrord and not to the church rebuilt by him and consecrated to St Maarten. It is striking that for their datings and attributions present as well as earlier archaeologists frequently make use of the written sources or at least of the literature based on them. This literature, however, has proved to be quite unreliable. Before making far-reaching pronouncements on the history and development of the oldest churches of Utrecht, these sources ought to be thoroughly re-analyzed and re-integrated into the study of these church buildings. It is only the study of all church buildings in their three-dimensional, chronological and functional context, placed within the framework of the political and ecclesiastical events of the time in which they arose, that can lead to satisfactory results

Glycosaminoglycans and other sulphated polysaccharides in calculogenesis of urinary stones

Naturally occurring glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and other, semisynthetic, sulphated polysaccharides are thought to play an important role in urolithiasis. Processes involved in urinary stone formation are crystallization and crystal retention. Oxalate transport and renal tubular cell injury are determining factors in these processes. In this article experimental results concerning the possible mechanisms of action of GAGs and other sulphated polysaccharides are reviewed. GAGs are inhibitors of crystal growth and agglomeration and possibly also of nucleation. They can prevent crystal adherence, correct an abnormal oxalate flux and prevent renal tubular cell damage

Revealing the main factors and two-way interactions contributing to food discolouration caused by iron-catechol complexation

Fortification of food with iron is considered to be an effective approach to counter the global health problem caused by iron deficiency. However, reactivity of iron with the catechol moiety of food phenolics leads to discolouration and impairs bioavailability. In this study, we investigated the interplay between intrinsic and extrinsic factors on food discolouration caused by iron-catechol complexation. To this end, a three-level fractional factorial design was implemented. Absorbance spectra were analysed using statistical methods, including PCA, HCA, and ANOVA. Furthermore, a direct link between absorbance spectra and stoichiometry of the iron-catechol complexes was confirmed by ESI-Q-TOF-MS. All statistical methods confirm that the main effects affecting discolouration were type of iron salt, pH, and temperature. Additionally, several two-way interactions, such as type of iron salt × pH, pH × temperature, and type of iron salt × concentration significantly affected iron-catechol complexation. Our findings provide insight into iron-phenolic complexation-mediated discolouration, and facilitate the design of iron-fortified foods.</p