Naturaleza, ciencia y hombre en la expedición botánica

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Sobre la temporalidad histórica en kant

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An empirical analysis of individual and collective determinants of international research collaboration

International research collaboration is a crucial determinant of scientific productivity, but it remains an underdeveloped task for governments, universities and research systems. Despite important economic and institutional efforts to promote collaborations, not all researchers establish successful international connections during their academic careers. This lack of international contacts hinders knowledge transfer from a broader perspective, limiting, in a way, the advancement of science. This paper analyses these factors—individ- ual and collective—affecting research collaboration in the international context through a hierarchical multiple regression analysis of a sample of 954 Spanish academic researchers. We found that collective factors such as research team social capital—including structural and cognitive dimensions—and team orientation toward research and team productivity clearly affect international collaboration levels. Furthermore, contrary to our expectations, researchers’ human capital and motivation, and the principal investigator’s knowledge-ori- ented leadership, exerted only a very weak effect, which also is discussed in the paper’s final section

Cirugía micrográfica de Mohs : Estudio retrospectivo de los últimos trece años (1999-2011) en el Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau

El objetivo de este trabajo fue describir las características de los pacientes tratados con cirugía micrográfica de Mohs entre 1999-2011 y evaluar la eficacia de esta cirugía para el tratamiento de los carcinomas basocelulares. Durante este periodo se realizaron 560 cirugías de Mohs, el 95.36% de las cuales fueron de carcinomas basocelulares. Se observó una tasa de recidiva del 1.40% para los carcinomas basocelulares primarios y del 13.62% para los recurrentes, siendo la diferencia estadísticamente significativa (p 0.0001).L'objectiu d'aquest treball va ser descriure les característiques dels pacients tractats amb cirurgia microgràfica de Mohs entre 1999-2011 i avaluar l'eficàcia d'aquesta cirurgia per al tractament dels carcinomes basocel·lulars. Durant aquest període es van realitzar 560 cirurgies de Mohs, el 95.36% de les quals van ser de carcinomes basocel·lulars. Es va observar una taxa de recidiva del 1.40% per als carcinomes basocel·lulars primaris i del 13.62% per als recurrents, éssent la diferència estadísticament significativa (p 0.0001)

The lipopolysaccharide from Escherichia coli O127:B8 induces inflammation and motility disturbances in rabbit ileum

[EN] The aim of this work was to evaluate the effects of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Escherichia coli O127:B8 on the expression of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), the histology, and motor function in rabbit ileum. Rabbits were injected intravenously with saline or LPS (100 μg/kg, 2 h). The mRNA expression and localization of TLR4 were determined by reverse transcriptase-PCR and immunofluorescence, respectively. Histological damage induced by LPS was evaluated in sections of ileum stained with haematoxylin and eosin. Contractility studies of ileum were performed in an organ bath. The mRNA expression of TLR4 decreased in the muscular but not in the mucosal layer of rabbits treated with LPS. TLR4 was localised in both the mucosal and muscular layers of rabbit ileum. LPS induced intestinal inflammation and altered the spontaneous contractions and the serotonin-, acetylcholine- and KCl-induced contractions. In conclusion, LPS from E. coli O127:B8 induced a decrease in the mRNA expression of TLR4, an inflammatory response, and changes in the contractility of rabbit ileum.This work was funded by Gobierno de Aragón and European Regional Development Fund ERDF (B61/2012), Spain.Grasa, L.; Gonzalo, S.; De Martino, A.; Murillo, MD. (2017). The lipopolysaccharide from Escherichia coli O127:B8 induces inflammation and motility disturbances in rabbit ileum. World Rabbit Science. 25(2):185-191. https://doi.org/10.4995/wrs.2017.5160SWORD18519125

On the relationship between atmospheric rivers, weather types and floods in Galicia (NW Spain)

Atmospheric rivers (ARs) – long and narrow structures of anomalously high water vapor flux located in the warm sector of extratropical cyclones – have been shown to be closely related to extreme precipitation and flooding. In this paper we analyze the connection between ARs and flooding in the northwestern Spanish region of Galicia under a variety of synoptic conditions represented by the so-called “weather types”, a classification of daily sea-level pressure patterns obtained by means of a simple scheme that adopts the subjective procedure of Lamb. Flood events are identified from official reports conducted by the Spanish emergency management agency (Protección Civil) from 1979 to 2010. Our results suggest that, although most flood events in Galicia do not coincide with the presence of an overhead AR, ARs are present in the majority of severe cases, particularly in coastal areas. Flood events associated with ARs are connected to cyclonic weather types with westerly and southwesterly flows, which occur mostly in winter months. The link between ARs and severe flooding is not very apparent in inland areas or during summer months, in which case heavy precipitation is usually not frontal in nature but rather convective. Nevertheless, our results show that, in general, the amount of precipitation in flood events in Galicia more than doubles when an AR is present.Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad | Ref. CGL2013-45932-RXunta de Galicia | Ref. ED431C 2017/64-GR

Regulation during the second year: Executive function and emotion regulation links to joint attention, temperament, and social vulnerability in a Latin American sample

© 2019 Gago Galvagno, De Grandis, Clerici, Mustaca, Miller and Elgier. Although a growing body of work has established developing regulatory abilities during the second year of life, more work is needed to better understand factors that influence this emerging control. The purpose of the present study was to examine regulation capacities in executive functions (i.e., EF or cognitive control) and emotion regulation (i.e., ER or control focused on modulating negative and sustaining positive emotions) in a Latin American sample, with a focus on how joint attention, social vulnerability, and temperament contribute to performance. Sixty Latin American dyads of mothers and children aged 18 to 24 months completed several EF tasks, a Still-Face Paradigm (SFP) to examine ER (Weinberg et al., 2008), and the Early Social Communication Scale to measure joint attention (Mundy et al., 2003). Parents completed the Early Childhood Behavior Questionnaire Very Short Form to measure temperament (ECBQ-VS, Putnam et al., 2010) and the Social Economic Level Scale (SES) from INDEC (2000). Results revealed the typical responses expected for toddlers of this age in these EF tasks and in the SFP. Also, we found associations between EF and ER and between non-verbal communication related to monitoring infants\u27 attention to objects (i.e., responding to joint attention) and initiation of pointing (e.g., pointing and showing of an object while the child alternates his gaze to an adult) with EF. Regarding social factors, family differences and type of housing contribute to regulation. For temperament, effortful control was associated with both regulatory capacities. Finally, only age predicted EF. These results suggest that many patterns regarding the development of these abilities are duplicated in the first months of life in a Latin American sample while further highlighting the importance of considering how the environment and the individual characteristics of infants may associate to these regulatory abilities, which is particularly relevant to developing public policies to promote their optimal development

Dislocation generation mechanisms in heavily boron-doped diamond epilayers

Doping diamond layers for electronic applications has become straightforward during the last two decades. However, dislocation generation in diamond during the microwave plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition growth process is still not fully understood. This is a truly relevant topic to avoid for an optimal performance of any device, but, usually, it is not considered when designing diamond structures for electronic devices. The incorporation of a dopant, here boron, into a lattice as close as that of diamond, can promote the appearance of dislocations in the epilayer. The present contribution analyzes the different processes that can take place in this epilayer and gives some rules to avoid the formation of dislocations, based on the comparison of the different dislocation generation mechanisms. Indeed, competitive mechanisms, such as doping atom proximity effect and lattice strain relaxation, are here quantified for heavily boron-doped diamond epilayers. The resulting growth condition windows for defect-free heavily doped diamond are here deduced, introducing the diamond parameters and its lattice expansion in several previously published critical thickness (h(c)) and critical doping level relationships for different doping levels and growth conditions. Experimental evidence supports the previously discussed thickness-doping-growth condition relationships. Layers with and without dislocations reveal that not only the thickness but also other key factors such as growth orientation and growth parameters are important, as dislocations are shown to be generated in epilayers with a thickness below the People and Bean critical thickness

Microscopic evidence of carbide formation at the interface of tungsten-based ohmic contacts on diamond

The fabrication of ohmic contacts is a fundamental technological step toward the development and manufacture of reliable electronic devices. However, in the case of diamond-based devices, there is a lack of knowledge related to the formation of these types of contacts. While the role of interface carbide formation on refractory–metal/diamond contacts has been reported as a key mechanism for the thermal stabilization and optimization of ohmic behaviour; there is still a lack of knowledge, at the diamond/tungsten (W) interface, related to the structural and chemical characteristics versus electrical performance. To fulfil this lack, W onto boron-doped diamond contacts were fabricated on a p+diamond layer by Electron-Beam Induced Deposition and followed by an annealing process. Then, W-diamond contacts were chemically, electrically, and structurally characterized at room temperature before and after thermal treatment. Once annealed, the Transfer Length Method (TLM) analysis revealed ohmic behaviour with specific contact resistance of 2.74 ×10 4 Ω⋅cm2. Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy in Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy (STEM-EELS) revealed tungsten carbide (WC) formation at the interface after annealing. So, a relation between WC formation and ohmic contact characteristics is demonstrated

Size matters: how periodicity and depth of LIPSS influences E. coli adhesion on ferritic stainless steel

Bacterial adhesion is a serious problem in the healthcare and food industries, causing health problems and economic losses. This study evaluates the generation of Laser-Induced Periodic Surface Structures (LIPSS) with different periodicities to reduce bacterial adhesion on ferritic stainless steels. LIPSS nanostructuring evolves from hydrophilic to hydrophobic with air exposure. Fresh samples with 870 nm LIPSS show nearly 50 % reduced E. coli adhesion, but this effect diminishes in stabilized samples. This effect on bacterial adhesion can be attributed to LIPSS periodicity being like bacterial size, which would allow bacteria to accommodate and provide a suitable environment for their adhesion. Our results show that, in stable samples when the LIPSS periodicity is around 400 nm, reductions by almost 30 % are achieved and this reduction reaches 35 % when periodicity is close to 270 nm. These results indicate that smaller spatial periods prevent bacteria from fitting into valleys, so they remain on the peaks, hindering bacterial adhesion. Additionally, deeper LIPSS produced by a higher Surface Density of Applied Energy (SDAE), enhance bacteria-material interaction and, thus, increases adhesion