Valor de uso, indicações terapêuticas e perfil farmacológico e etnofarmacológico de duas espécies do gênero Piper L. em uma comunidade quilombola na Amazônia Oriental Brasileira / Use value, therapeutic indications and pharmacological and ethnopharmacological profile of two species of the genus Piper L. in a quilombola community in the Eastern Brazilian Amazon

O presente trabalho objetiva verificar o valor de uso e as indicações terapêuticas de duas espécies nativas classificadas localmente como pimentas, traçando seus perfis farmacológicos e etnofarmacológico. O estudo ocorreu na APA do Rio Curiaú (Macapá, Amapá) em duas etapas: entrevistas semiestruturadas com 16 especialistas usando o método Turnê Guiada e aplicação de formulários sobre uso local, através de pesquisa etnodirigida. As amostras foram coletadas e depositadas nos herbários HAMAB e RB. A validação medicinal foi realizada através de vigilância científica, além de ter sido verificado o valor de uso das espécies para os especialistas entrevistados. Foram identificadas duas espécies de Piperaceae, Piper marginatum Jacq. (pimenta do mato) e P. tuberculatum Jacq. (pimenta de macaco), indicadas para tratamento de enfermidades da pele, erisipela, dores de cabeça e de estômago, catapora, infecção urinária e reumatismo, além da indicação mágico-simbólica contra “mal olhado”. O valor de uso indicou P. marginatum como a espécie mais usada, entretanto, apenas a indicação gastrointestinal correspondeu com a existente na literatura

Acetylation of Eugenol on Functionalized Mesoporous Aluminosilicates Synthesized from Amazonian Flint Kaolin

The present work was aimed to investigate the catalytic activity of a mesoporous catalyst synthesized from 3-mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane (MPTS) functionalized Amazonian flint kaolin in the acetylation of eugenol with acetic anhydride. Materials were characterized by thermogravimetry (TGA), N2 adsorption (BET), X-ray dispersive energy spectroscopy (EDX), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and acid-base titration. The results presented proved the efficiency of flint kaolin as an alternative source in the preparation of mesoporous materials, since the material exhibited textural properties (specific surface area of 1071 m2 g−1, pore volume of 1.05 cm3 g−1 and pore diameter of 3.85 nm) and structural properties (d100 = 4.35 nm, a0 = 5.06 nm and Wt = 1.21 nm) within the required and characteristic material standards. The catalyst with the total amount of acidic sites of 4.89 mmol H+ g−1 was efficient in converting 99.9% of eugenol (eugenol to acetic anhydride molar ratio of 1:5, 2% catalyst, temperature and reaction time 80 °C and 40 min reaction). In addition, the reused catalyst could be successfully recycled with 92% conversion activity under identical reaction conditions

Eugenia uniflora

Eugenia uniflora L. is a member of the Myrtaceae family and is commonly known as Brazilian cherry tree. In this study, we evaluated the chemical composition of Eugenia uniflora L. essential oil (EuEO) by using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and assessed its anti-Leishmania activity. We also explored the potential mechanisms of action and cytotoxicity of EuEO. Thirty-two compounds were identified, which constituted 92.65% of the total oil composition. The most abundant components were sesquiterpenes (91.92%), with curzerene (47.3%), γ-elemene (14.25%), and trans-β-elemenone (10.4%) being the major constituents. The bioactivity shown by EuEO against promastigotes (IC50, 3.04 μg·mL−1) and amastigotes (IC50, 1.92 μg·mL−1) suggested significant anti-Leishmania activity. In the cytotoxicity determination, EuEO was 20 times more toxic to amastigotes than to macrophages. Hemolytic activity was 63.22% at the highest concentration tested (400 μg·mL−1); however, there appeared to be no toxicity at 50 μg·mL−1. While the data show that EuEO activity is not mediated by nitric oxide production, they do suggest that macrophage activation may be involved in EuEO anti-Leishmania activity, as evidenced by increases in both the phagocytic capacity and the lysosomal activity. More studies are needed to determine in vivo activity as well as additional mechanisms of the anti-Leishmania activity

Caracterização química do óleo essencial das folhas, galhos e frutos de Cinnamomum verum J. Presl (Lauraceae) / Chemical characterization of the essential oil from the leaves, branches and fruits of Cinnamomum verum J. Presl (Lauraceae)

Os óleos essenciais das folhas, galhos e frutos de um espécime de Cinnamomum verum J. Presl (Lauraceae) coletado em Belém (Pará/Brasil) foram obtidos por hidrodestilação, e analisados através de cromatografia de fase gasosa acoplada à espectrometria de massas (CG/EM). Eugenol predominou no óleo essencial das folhas (64,2%), e nos galhos foram encontrados elevados teores de acetato de E-cinamila (10,5%), (E)-cinamaldeído (8,57%) e óxido de cariofileno (8,68%). Os sesquiterpenos do tipo cadinano, ?-cadinol (8,72%), epi-?-cadinol (8,6), ?-cadineno (6,81%) e ?-cadineno (6,48%), foram os principais constituintes do óleo essencial dos frutos

Acetylation of Eugenol over 12-Molybdophosphoric Acid Anchored in Mesoporous Silicate Support Synthesized from Flint Kaolin

A new prepared catalyst, 12-molybdophosphoric acid (HPMo) anchored to the mesoporous aluminosilicate AlSiM, synthesized from Amazon kaolin, was characterized and used as a heterogeneous acid catalyst for the production of eugenyl acetate by acetylation of eugenol with acetic anhydride. The effect of various reaction parameters, such as catalyst concentration, eugenol/acetic anhydride molar ratio, temperature and reaction time, was studied to optimize the conditions of maximum conversion of eugenol. The kinetics studies showed that in eugenol acetylation, the substrate concentration follows a first order kinetics. The results of activation energy was 19.96 kJ mol−1 for HPMo anchored to AlSiM. The reuse of the catalyst was also studied and there was no loss of catalytic activity after four cycles of use (from 99.9% in the first cycle to 90% in the fifth cycle was confirmed), and an excellent stability of the material was observed. Based on catalytic and kinetic studies, HPMo anchored to AlSiM is considered an excellent catalyst

Avaliação sazonal e circadiana do óleo essencial das folhas de Piper divaricatum G. Mey. (Piperaceae) / Seasonal and circadian evaluation of the essential oil of Piper divaricatum G. Mey. (Piperaceae) Leaves

Os óleos essenciais das folhas secas de um espécime de Piper divaricatum G. Mey.  (Piperaceae) cultivado em Belém (Pará/Brasil) foram obtidos por hidrodestilação, e analisados através de cromatografia de fase gasosa acoplada à espectrometria de massas (CG/EM). As coletas foram realizadas às 6h, 10h, 14h, 18h e 22h nos meses de fevereiro (inverno amazônico) e outubro (verão amazônico) de 2016.  Os rendimentos de óleos essenciais variaram de 4,05% (fevereiro/18h) a 5,96% (outubro/6h). Os constituintes majoritários dos óleos essenciais foram os fenilpropanóides metileugenol, que variou de 42,67% (outubro) a 59,13% (fevereiro) nos horários de 22h; eugenol, de 8,7% (outubro/6h) a 19,96% (fevereiro/10h), e acetato de eugenila, de 8,74% (fevereiro/22h) a 14,94% (outubro/22h). A maior produção de óleo essencial ocorreu no verão amazônico, e as tendências de comportamento rítmicas, principalmente a nível circadiano de eugenol/metileugenol variaram ao longo do ciclo de 16h. 

Avaliação dos óleos essenciais das folhas, ramos e frutos de Nectandra cuspidata (Lauraceae) / Chemical composition of essential oils of leaves, branches, and fruits of Nectandra cuspidata (Lauraceae)

 Os óleos essenciais das folhas, galhos e frutos (maduros e verdes) de Nectandra cuspidata Nees (Lauraceae) foram obtidos por hidrodestilação, e analisados através de cromatografia de fase gasosa acoplada à espectrometria de massas (CG/EM). O maior rendimento de óleos essenciais foi obtido a partir dos frutos verde (1,24%) e maduro (1,56%). Os sesquiterpenos hidrocarbonetos foram predominantes nos óleos essenciais das folhas, tais como ?-elemeno (18,94%), ?-elemeno (10,63%), (E)-cariofileno (13,68%), germacreno D (9,13%) e biciclogermacreno (13,34%). Os ramos foram caracterizados por elevados teores de sesquiterpenos oxigenados, predominando uma substancia não identificada de MM=234 (24%). Os óleos dos frutos (verde e maduro) apresentaram ?-elemeno (9,53% e 7,08%), ?-elemeno (6,26% e 5,84%), (E)-cariofileno (7,33% e 6,66%), biciclogermacreno (7,0% e 6,53) e (E)-nerolidol (6,19% e 7,0%), respectivamente.

Avaliação sazonal do rendimento e composição química do óleo essencial das folhas de Aniba parviflora (Meisn) Mez. (Lauraceae) / Seasonal evaluation of yield and chemical composition of the essential oil of the leaves of Aniba parviflora (Meisn) Mez. (Lauraceae)

Os óleos essenciais das folhas de um espécime de Aniba parviflora (Meisn) Mez. (Lauraceae) coletadas nos meses de setembro e dezembro de 2016 e março de 2017 Belém, (Pará/Brasil), foram obtidos por hidrodestilação e analisados através de cromatografia de fase gasosa acoplada à espectrometria de massas (CG/EM). Os principais constituintes químicos identificados nos óleos essenciais das folhas de A. parviflora foram os monoterpenos: linalol, com variações de 14,07% (setembro) a 28,42% (março), ?-felandreno 5,66% (setembro) a 14,87% (março), p-cimeno 2,74% (setembro) a 17,54% (março), e o sesquiterpeno oxigenado espatulenol de 3,79% (dezembro) a 7,0% (setembro). 

Microwave-assisted extraction: an alternative to extract Piper aduncum essential oil / Extração assistida por micro-ondas: uma alternativa para a obtenção do óleo essencial de Piper aduncum

Hydrodistillation and steam distillation have been widely described as methods of obtaining essential oils, however, green technologies with lower levels of energy consumption, time, and solvent have gained increasing prominence. Piper aduncum has confirmed occurrences throughout the Brazilian territory and its essential oil has been described with antifungal, anti-helminthic, antioxidant, and repellent activities. In the present study, we compared the essential oil yield and the dillapiole content from the essential oils obtained using hydrodistillation (Clevenger apparatus) and microwave-assisted extraction (using a prototype extractor). A factorial design was applied to evaluate the influence of the entrance variables fraction diameter (FR) and load of material plant/water volume (LW) on the response variables essential oil yield (Yd) and dillapiole content (DC). Via statistical analysis, a polynomial model was obtained, as well as, the response surface. Hydrodistillation provided higher essential oil yields and the dillapiole content was not statistically influenced by the extraction methods.

Volatile Compounds, Chemical Composition and Biological Activities of <em>Apis mellifera</em> Bee Propolis

Propolis is a wax-like resin collected by bees from tree shoots and/or other botanical sources that is used as glue to seal cracks or open spaces in the hive. Its color varies from green to brown and reddish, depending on its botanical origin. Among the substances that can be found in propolis, low molecular weight compounds, such as monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes are the most common. Several biological activities are attributed to these classes of substances, such as antifungal, antibacterial, and others. The objective of this work was to evaluate the chemical composition of volatile compounds present in propolis samples and to analyze their correlation with biological activities