Molekularni pristup identifikaciji virusa influence ptica

The recently raised awareness of the threat of a new influenza pandemic has stimulated the interest in the detection of influenza A viruses in the secretions of a wide variety of birds and mammals. Influenza A viruses are subtyped conventionally according to the characteristics of the external glycoproteins, haemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). All 16 HA and 9 NA subtypes have been isolated from aquatic birds that are believed to be a natural host and reservoir for influenza viruses. Poultry, specifically chickens and turkeys, are not considered to be a normal host for the virus, although transmission from wild birds to poultry occurs routinely. Although most HA subtypes have been found in poultry, particular emphasis is placed on the H5 and H7 HA subtypes of avian influenza virus because only these subtypes are known to cause highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) in poultry. Recently developed molecular methods enable fast, accurate and reliable approach to identify influenza virus and its subtypes.Svijest o prijetnji nove pandemije influence potaknula je zanimanje za dokaz virusa influence A u sekretima različitih vrsta ptica i sisavaca. Virusi influence A uobičajeno se tipiziraju na osnovi osobina njihovih površinskih glikoproteina, hemaglutinina (HA) i neuraminidaze (NA). Svih 16 HA i devet NA podtipova izdvojeno je iz vodenih ptica koje su prirodni domaćin i rezervoar virusa influence. Perad, posebice kokoši i pure, ne smatra se uobičajenim domaćinom virusa iako se virus redovito s divljih ptica prenosi na perad. Premda su mnogi HA podtipovi izdvojeni iz peradi, posebna pozornost pridaje se podtipovima H5 i H7 virusa influence ptica, jer samo oni pripadaju visoko patogenim sojevima za perad. Nedavno razvijene molekularne metode omogućuju brzu, točnu i pouzdanu identifikaciju virusa influence i njegovih podtipova

Genome Analysis Linking Recent European and African Influenza (H5N1) Viruses

Although linked, these viruses are distinct from earlier outbreak strains

Herpesvirus and subsequent Usutu virus infection in a great grey owl (Strix nebulosa) at the Ljubljana Zoo, Slovenia

Herpesvirus (HV) has been known to cause disease in owls, with various clinical signs and outcomes for the last several decades. The HV DNA polymerase gene was detected in oropharyngeal and cloacal swabs of a male great grey owl (Strix nebulosa) in a zoological collection in Ljubljana, Slovenia. In the following 4 months, despite continuous HV detection in swabs, no clinical signs with a clear link to HV disease were observed. Hepatoprotective and immunostimulant therapies applied during this period did not prevent HV shedding. Therefore, peroral antiviral therapy with acyclovir (150 mg/kg q24 h for seven days) was performed, and the owl tested negative at the next sampling and remained negative for the next 8 months. After that, the owl again tested positive for HV presence, and the same protocol with antiviral therapy was performed. After 3 weeks with a negative test for HV presence, without any clinical signs of illness, the owl suddenly died because of Usutu virus (USUV) infection. Among all the owls at the zoo, interestingly, only the HV-positive great grey owl died because of USUV infection. The USUV sequence detected and obtained in this study clusters together with other Europe 2 sequences detected in neighboring countries. Our study shows the potential of acyclovir therapy in the prevention of herpesvirus shedding and, moreover, lowering the possibility for spreading HV to other owls and birds. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of HV presence and USUV infection in a great grey owl in Slovenia

Antimicrobial and Antibiofilm Effect of Commonly Used Disinfectants on <i>Salmonella</i> Infantis Isolates

Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Infantis is the most prevalent serovar in broilers and broiler meat in the European Union. The aim of our study was to test the biofilm formation and antimicrobial effect of disinfectants on genetically characterized S. Infantis isolates from poultry, food, and humans. For the biofilm formation under various temperature conditions (8 °C, 20 °C, and 28 °C) and incubation times (72 h and 168 h), the crystal violet staining method was used. The evaluation of the in vitro antimicrobial effect of Ecocid® S, ethanol, and hydrogen peroxide was determined using the broth microdilution method. The antibiofilm effect of subinhibitory concentration (1/8 MIC) of disinfectants was then tested on S. Infantis 323/19 strain that had the highest biofilm formation potential. Our results showed that the biofilm formation was strain-specific; however, it was higher at 20 °C and prolonged incubation time. Moreover, strains carrying a pESI plasmid showed higher biofilm formation potential. The antibiofilm potential of disinfectants on S. Infantis 323/19 strain at 20 °C was effective after a shorter incubation time. As shown in our study, more effective precautionary measures should be implemented to ensure biofilm prevention and removal in order to control the S. Infantis occurrence

Antimicrobial and antibiofilm effect of commonly used disinfectants on Salmonella Infantis isolates

Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Infantis is the most prevalent serovar in broilers and broiler meat in the European Union. The aim of our study was to test the biofilm formation and antimicrobial effect of disinfectants on genetically characterized S. Infantis isolates from poultry, food, and humans. For the biofilm formation under various temperature conditions (8 °C, 20 °C, and 28 °C) and incubation times (72 h and 168 h), the crystal violet staining method was used. The evaluation of the in vitro antimicrobial effect of Ecocid® S, ethanol, and hydrogen peroxide was determined using the broth microdilution method. The antibiofilm effect of subinhibitory concentration (1/8 MIC) of disinfectants was then tested on S. Infantis 323/19 strain that had the highest biofilm formation potential. Our results showed that the biofilm formation was strain‐specifichowever, it was higher at 20 °C and prolonged incubation time. Moreover, strains carrying a pESI plasmid showed higher biofilm formation potential. The antibiofilm potential of disinfectants on S. Infantis 323/19 strain at 20 °C was effective after a shorter incubation time. As shown in our study, more effective precautionary measures should be implemented to ensure biofilm prevention and removal in order to control the S. Infantis occurrence

Antimicrobial and Antibiofilm Effect of Commonly Used Disinfectants on Salmonella Infantis Isolates

Salmonella&nbsp;enterica subsp. enterica serovar Infantis is the most prevalent serovar in broilers and broiler meat in the European Union. The aim of our study was to test the biofilm formation and antimicrobial effect of disinfectants on genetically characterized S. Infantis isolates from poultry, food, and humans. For the biofilm formation under various temperature conditions (8 &deg;C, 20 &deg;C, and 28 &deg;C) and incubation times (72 h and 168 h), the crystal violet staining method was used. The evaluation of the in vitro antimicrobial effect of Ecocid&reg; S, ethanol, and hydrogen peroxide was determined using the broth microdilution method. The antibiofilm effect of subinhibitory concentration (1/8 MIC) of disinfectants was then tested on S. Infantis 323/19 strain that had the highest biofilm formation potential. Our results showed that the biofilm formation was strain-specific; however, it was higher at 20 &deg;C and prolonged incubation time. Moreover, strains carrying a pESI plasmid showed higher biofilm formation potential. The antibiofilm potential of disinfectants on S. Infantis 323/19 strain at 20 &deg;C was effective after a shorter incubation time. As shown in our study, more effective precautionary measures should be implemented to ensure biofilm prevention and removal in order to control the S. Infantis occurrence