3 research outputs found
Supersonic Jet Noise Reduction by Coaxial Jets with Coplanar and Staggered Exits
Far-field noise radiated from coaxial cold underexpanded
jet flows issuing from convergent two-nozzle
configurations with coplanar and staggered-exits
is investigated experimentally. The coaxial
jets are operated in the "inverted" mode, i.e., the
outer (annular) jet flow Mach number is higher than
that of the inner (round) jet. Keeping all other
geometrical and operating conditions the same, the
exit-stagger of the inner (round) and the outer
(annular) nozzles was varied. It is shown that the
extent of the exit-stagger affects both the flows
and the radiated noise from such coaxial underexpanded
jet flows and that comparatively, the lowest
noise levels are achieved when the coaxial nozzle-exits
are coplanar. Moreover, the effectiveness
of the co-flowing inner jet flow in reducing the
noise radiated from either the annular or the coaxial
underexpanded jet flows decreases noticeably
as the exit-stagger is increased
Barriers for dental treatment of primary teeth in East and West Germany
Background.
In many countries, restorative treatment
in primary teeth is suboptimal.
Aim.
Thus, this study tried to detect barriers for
dentists to restore primary teeth in kindergarten
children (3–6 years).
Design.
For a representative survey, 320 dentists
(184 West, 136 East Germany) were randomly
selected from the dental associations’ registers
and asked to answer a questionnaire on their
profile, their view of the National Health System,
and possible barriers for restoring primary
teeth.
Results.
The analysis (response rate 57.7%)
showed that the parents were no barrier and the
dentists felt the need of restoring primary teeth.
In addition to the children’s anxiety, the inadequate
reimbursement for fillings were perceived as clear
barrier. The comparison of West and East German
dentists detected statistically significantly higher
barriers in West Germany, where – in contrast to
the German Democratic Republic – no structured
training in paediatric dentistry was compulsory
before unification. Only 35% of the East German
dentists rated restorative treatment in 3- to 6-year-olds
as stressful in contrast to 65% in West Germany,
where especially male dentists found no time to
treat children.
Conclusion.
This study reveals that dentists can also
be a considerable barrier to restorative treatment in
small children, especially without adequate training
in dental schools