403 research outputs found
Error-corrected quantum metrology
Quantum metrology, which studies parameter estimation in quantum systems, has many applications in science and technology ranging from frequency spectroscopy to gravitational wave detection. Quantum mechanics imposes a fundamental limit on the estimation precision, called the Heisenberg limit (HL), which bears a quadratic enhancement over the standard quantum limit (SQL) determined by classical statistics. The HL is achievable in ideal quantum devices, but is not always achievable in presence of noise. Quantum error correction (QEC), as a standard tool in quantum information science to combat the effect of noise, was considered as a candidate to enhance quantum metrology in noisy environment. This thesis studies metrological limits in noisy quantum systems and proposes QEC protocols to achieve these limits. First, we consider Hamiltonian estimation under Markovian noise and obtain a necessary and sufficient condition called the ``Hamiltonian-not-in-Lindblad-span\u27\u27 condition to achieve the HL. When it holds, we provide ancilla-assisted QEC protocols achieving the HL; when it fails, the SQL is inevitable even using arbitrary quantum controls, but approximate QEC protocols can achieve the optimal SQL coefficient. We generalize the results to parameter estimation in quantum channels, where we obtain the ``Hamiltonian-not-in-Kraus-span\u27\u27 condition and find explicit formulas for asymptotic estimation precision by showing attainability of previously established bounds using QEC protocols. All QEC protocols are optimized via semidefinite programming. Finally, we show that reversely, metrological bounds also restrict the performance of error-correcting codes by deriving a powerful bound in covariant QEC
Achieving the Heisenberg limit in quantum metrology using quantum error correction
Quantum metrology has many important applications in science and technology,
ranging from frequency spectroscopy to gravitational wave detection. Quantum
mechanics imposes a fundamental limit on measurement precision, called the
Heisenberg limit, which can be achieved for noiseless quantum systems, but is
not achievable in general for systems subject to noise. Here we study how
measurement precision can be enhanced through quantum error correction, a
general method for protecting a quantum system from the damaging effects of
noise. We find a necessary and sufficient condition for achieving the
Heisenberg limit using quantum probes subject to Markovian noise, assuming that
noiseless ancilla systems are available, and that fast, accurate quantum
processing can be performed. When the sufficient condition is satisfied, a
quantum error-correcting code can be constructed which suppresses the noise
without obscuring the signal; the optimal code, achieving the best possible
precision, can be found by solving a semidefinite program.Comment: 16 pages, 2 figures, see also arXiv:1704.0628
Quantum error correction meets continuous symmetries: fundamental trade-offs and case studies
We systematically study the fundamental competition between quantum error
correction (QEC) and continuous symmetries, two key notions in quantum
information and physics, in a quantitative manner. Three meaningful measures of
approximate symmetries in quantum channels and in particular QEC codes,
respectively based on the violation of covariance conditions over the entire
symmetry group or at a local point, and the violation of charge conservation,
are introduced and studied. Each measure induces a corresponding
characterization of approximately covariant codes. We explicate a host of
different ideas and techniques that enable us to derive various forms of
trade-off relations between the QEC inaccuracy and all symmetry violation
measures. More specifically, we introduce two frameworks for understanding and
establishing the trade-offs respectively based on the notions of charge
fluctuation and gate implementation error, and employ methods including the
Knill--Laflamme conditions as well as quantum metrology and quantum resource
theory for the derivation. From the perspective of fault-tolerant quantum
computing, our bounds on symmetry violation indicate limitations on the
precision or density of transversally implementable logical gates for general
QEC codes, refining the Eastin--Knill theorem. To exemplify nontrivial
approximately covariant codes and understand the achievability of the above
fundamental limits, we analyze the behaviors of two explicit types of codes: a
parametrized extension of the thermodynamic code (which gives a construction of
a code family that continuously interpolates between exact QEC and exact
symmetry), and the quantum Reed--Muller codes. We show that both codes can
saturate the scaling of the bounds for group-global covariance and charge
conservation asymptotically, indicating the near-optimality of these bounds and
codes.Comment: 46 pages, 4 figures, long version of arXiv:2111.06355 published as
supplementary informatio
Approximate symmetries and quantum error correction
Quantum error correction (QEC) is a key concept in quantum computation as
well as many areas of physics. There are fundamental tensions between
continuous symmetries and QEC. One vital situation is unfolded by the
Eastin--Knill theorem, which forbids the existence of QEC codes that admit
transversal continuous symmetry actions (transformations). Here, we
systematically study the competition between continuous symmetries and QEC in a
quantitative manner. We first define a series of meaningful measures of
approximate symmetries motivated from different perspectives, and then
establish a series of trade-off bounds between them and QEC accuracy utilizing
multiple different methods. Remarkably, the results allow us to derive general
quantitative limitations of transversally implementable logical gates, an
important topic in fault-tolerant quantum computation. As concrete examples, we
showcase two explicit types of quantum codes, obtained from quantum
Reed--Muller codes and thermodynamic codes, respectively, that nearly saturate
our bounds. Finally, we discuss several potential applications of our results
in physics.Comment: 19 pages, 2 figures, published version, concise version of
arXiv:2111.0636
- β¦