Synthesis of Organic Molecules, R Ribose and S Amino Acids by Adsorption on Carbon at The Birth of Life on The Earth

Reasons for appearance of optically active organic molecules in nature have not been ascertained up to the present, but clarification of conditions on the Earth during the period of their appearance can contribute to this. H2 and gases, containing H2, were oxidized by CO2 with allocation of carbon and H2O or CH2O and СНO(OН) in volcanic gas and in the early atmosphere. During adsorption on carbon CH2O dissolved in water could be the synthesis only of R (rectus, Latin) ribose, and with NH3 and СНO(OН) synthesis of glycine and only of S (sinister) serine, and on its bases of other S amino acids. Adsorption on the carbon ensured in complex: concentration of initial components, hydrophobic-hydrophilic properties, optical purity, protection from hydration, decay and racemization. It is shown the possibility of the early Archean reactions: dehydration of phosphoric acid, of phosphoester bonds connection formation in nucleotides, with CH2O fatty acids and nitrogenous bases

The Zoo of Non-Fourier Heat Conduction Models

The Fourier heat conduction model is valid for most macroscopic problems. However, it fails when the wave nature of the heat propagation or time lags become dominant and the memory or/and spatial non-local effects significant -- in ultrafast heating (pulsed laser heating and melting), rapid solidification of liquid metals, processes in glassy polymers near the glass transition temperature, in heat transfer at nanoscale, in heat transfer in a solid state laser medium at the high pump density or under the ultra-short pulse duration, in granular and porous materials including polysilicon, at extremely high values of the heat flux, in heat transfer in biological tissues. In common materials the relaxation time ranges from $10^{-8}$ to $10^{-14}$ sec, however, it could be as high as 1 sec in the degenerate cores of aged stars and its reported values in granular and biological objects varies up to 30 sec. The paper considers numerous non-Fourier heat conduction models that incorporate time non-locality for materials with memory (hereditary materials, including fractional hereditary materials) or/and spatial non-locality, i.e. materials with non-homogeneous inner structure

Russo-Japanese Peace Treaty Negotiations and Plans for Joint Economic Activity on the Southern Kuril Islands

The article analyzes the Russo-Japanese peace treaty negotiations in 2013-2019. Despite the rapprochement in the trade, economic, political and humanitarian spheres, the territorial dispute remains an obstacle, significantly complicating bilateral ties. There remain disagreements on the sovereignty over the southern Kuril Islands, on acceptable conditions for resolving a territorial dispute, as well as on the significance of the territorial dispute for the development of bilateral relations. The plans for the implementation of joint economic activities on the southern Kuril Islands are also analyzed. It is concluded that Russia and Japan need to continue to build upon the result of rapprochement initiated by the leaders of the countries and continue negotiations on the peace treaty that will upgrade their relations

Simulation of Single Crystal Growth: Heat and Mass Transfer

The heat transfer (conductive, convective, radiative) and the related problems (the unknown phase boundary fluid/crystal, the assessment of the quality of the grown crystals) encountered in the melt and vapour growth of single crystal as well as the corresponding macroscopic models are reviewed. The importance of the adequate description of the optical crystal properties (semitransparency, absorption, scattering, refraction, diffuse and specular reflecting surfaces) and their effect on the heat transfer is stressed. The problems of the code verification and validation are discussed; differences between the crystal growth simulation codes intended for the research and for the industrial applications are indicated.Comment: 80 pages, 397 refs., in Russia

Effect of Spacecraft Rotation on Fluid Convection Under Microgravity

The influence of the rotational effects on two-dimensional fluid convection in a rectangular enclosure with rigid walls during the orbital flight is considered. It is shown that the Coriolis force influence both on steady and oscillatory convection becomes significant at Ekman numbers which are quite attainable in the space orbital conditions. In the case of harmonic oscillations of the gravity force appearance of the resonance phenomena is demonstrated. Dependence of the height and shape of the resonance peak on aspect ratio of a rectangular domain and orientation of vectors of the gravity force and the angular rotation velocity is studied. Special attention is given to non-linear effects caused by convective terms of Navier-Stokes equations. The convection produced by variations of the angular rotation velocity of a spacecraft is also discussed. It is shown that in some cases the latter convection can be comparable with another kinds of convection