Water Resources Carrying Capacity Forecast of Jining Based on Non-Linear Dynamics Model

AbstractIn order to alleviate the problem of water resources shortage of Jining City, make reasonable use of water resources,and improve the water resources capacity of Jining City, the methods of the water resources capacity are researched.The system dynamics method is choosed to forecast the Water Resources Carrying Capacity (WRCC) of Jining City in the next 20 years. Three plans are taken, and the predicted results are analyzed. It has a certain significance to practice

Complex unit lattice cell for low-emittance storage ring light source

To achieve the true diffraction-limited emittance of a storage ring light source, such as ~10 pm.rad for medium-energy electron beams, within a limited circumference, it is generally necessary to increase the number of bending magnets in a multi-bend achromat (MBA) lattice, as in the future upgrade plan of MAX IV with a 19BA replacing the current 7BA. However, this comes with extremely strong quadrupole and sextupole magnets and very limited space. The former can result in very small vacuum chambers, increasing the coupling impedance and thus enhancing the beam instabilities, and the latter can pose significant challenges in accommodating the necessary diagnostics and vacuum components. Inspired by the hybrid MBA lattice concept, in this paper we propose a new unit lattice concept called the complex unit lattice cell, which can reduce the magnet strengths and also save space. The complex unit cell is numerically studied using a simplified model. Then as an example, a 17BA lattice based on the complex unit cell concept is designed for a 3 GeV storage ring light source with a circumference of 537.6 m, which has a natural emittance of 19.3 pm.rad. This 17BA lattice is also compared with the 17BA lattice designed with conventional unit cells to showcase the benefits of the complex unit cell concept. This 17BA lattice also suggests a new type of MBA lattice, which we call the MBA lattice with semi-distributed chromatic correction

Dynamic Interactions between a Silica Sphere and Deformable Interfaces in Organic Solvents Studied by Atomic Force Microscopy.

Recent studies have successfully measured surface forces using atomic force microscope (AFM) and modelled surface deformations using the Stokes-Reynolds-Young-Laplace (SRYL) equations for particle-droplet, particle-bubble, droplet-droplet and bubble-bubble systems in various solutions. The current work focuses on interactions between spherical silica particles and a viscoelastic interface of water droplets in crude oil. The self-assembly of surface active natural polyaromatic molecules (NPAMs) at the oil-water interface has previously been shown to change a viscous dominant oil-water interface to an elastic dominant interface, with interfacial aging due to gradual formation of rigid interfacial networks. AFM was used to measure the interactions between a small silica sphere (D ≈ 8 µm) and a deformable water droplet (D ≈ 70 µm), which exhibits time-dependent interfacial viscoelasticity in NPAM solutions. Unlike the systems studied previously, the measured deformation shown as a repulsive force over the constant compliance could not be modelled adequately by the conventional SRYL equations which are applicable only to purely Laplacian interfaces. As the water droplet ages in NPAM solutions, a rigid "skin" forms at the oil-water interface, with the interface exhibiting increased elasticity. Over a short aging period (up to 15 min), interfacial deformation is well predicted by the SRYL model. However upon further exposure to the NPAM solution, droplet deformation is under predicted by the model. Physical properties of this mechanical barrier as a function of time were further investigated by measuring interfacial tension, dilatational rheology and interfacial "crumpling" (non-smooth interface) upon droplet volume reduction. By introducing a viscoelasticity parameter to account for interfacial stiffening, we are able to correct this discrepancy and predict droplet deformation under AFM cantilever compression using experimentally-determined elasticity. This parameter appears to be important for modelling non-Laplacian systems with significant viscoelastic contributions, such as biological cell membranes or polymer blends

Probing Mechanical Properties of Water-Crude Oil Interfaces and Colloidal Interactions of Petroleum Emulsions using Atomic Force Microscopy

Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is frequently used to elucidate complex interactions in emulsion systems. However, comparing results obtained with “model” planar surfaces to curved emulsion interfaces often proves unreliable, because droplet curvature can affect adsorption and arrangement of surface-active species, while droplet deformation affects the net interaction force. In the current study, AFM was used to study the interactions between a colloidal probe and water droplet. Force magnitude and water droplet deformation were measured in toluene solutions of asphaltene or bitumen at different concentrations and varying droplet aging time. Interfacial stiffening and an increase in particle–droplet adhesion force were observed upon droplet aging in bitumen solution. As reported in our previous study (Kuznicki, N. P., Harbottle, D., Masliyah, J., and Xu, Z.Dynamic Interactions between a Silica Sphere and Deformable Interfaces in Organic Solvents Studied by Atomic Force Microscopy. Langmuir 2016, 32 (38), 9797−9806), a viscoelasticity parameter should be included in the high-force Stokes–Reynolds–Young–Laplace (SRYL) equations to account for the interfacial stiffening and non-Laplacian response of the water droplet at longer aging times. However, following the addition of a biodegradable demulsifier, ethyl cellulose (EC), an immediate reduction in both the particle–droplet adhesion force and the rigidity of the water droplet occurred. Following EC addition, the interface reverted back to a Laplacian response and droplet deformation was once again accurately predicted by the classical SRYL model. These changes in both droplet deformation and particle–droplet adhesion, tracked by AFM, imply a rapid asphaltene/bitumen film displacement by EC molecules. The colloidal probe technique provides a convenient way to quantify forces at deformable oil/water interfaces and characterize the in situ effectiveness of competing surface-active species

Research on the hydrologic cycle characteristics using stable isotopes of oxygen and hydrogen in the Jinxiuchuan Basin

Wang, T., Xu, Z., Zhang, S., Zhang, L., & Zhao, Z. (MarchApril, 2017). Research on the hydrologic cycle characteristics using stable isotopes of oxygen and hydrogen in the Jinxiuchuan Basin. Water Technology and Sciences (in Spanish), 8(2), 105-115. Stable isotopes of oxygen (δ18O) and hydrogen (δD) in water were used as important indicators to research the hydrologic cycle or processes. To study the hydrologic cycle characteristics of the Jinxiuchuan basin, the isotope labelling and the industrial salt tracing method were used in this research. Sixty-seven samples of different water bodies were collected at different sampling sites from July 2011 to July 2012. The stable hydrogen and oxygen isotopes in water samples were measured by using Liquid Water Isotope Analyzer (LWIA-24d) to study the conversion relationship among precipitation, river water, soil water, and groundwater of the Jinxiuchuan basin in Jinan. The results show that δD and δ18O varied from 35.6 ‰ to 128.3 ‰ and from 5.3 ‰ to 17.5‰, respectively. A meteoric water line of δD = 7.16δ18O + 4.35‰, which was in accordance with the global meteoric water line and the meteoric water line of China, was established in the Jinxiuchuan basin. The deuterium excess values vary with time and space, ranging from 5.1 to 22.3‰, and increase gradually from the southeast to the northwest. In addition, the exchange of different water bodies was determined preliminarily, the rates of precipitation transforming into river water, soil water, and groundwater are 43.76%, 21.91% and 6.84%, and the remaining is 27.49% returned to the atmosphere. The results indicated the hydrologic cycle characteristics in the Jinxiuchuan basin. It may provide the references for precipitation isotopes research in semi-humid regions

Fractionation of Asphaltenes in Understanding Their Role in Petroleum Emulsion Stability and Fouling

SARA fractionation separates crude oil into fractions of saturates (S), aromatics (A), resins (R), and asphaltenes (A) based on the differences in their polarizability and polarity. Defined as a solubility class, asphaltenes are normally considered as a nuisance in the petroleum industry mainly as a result of their problematic precipitation and adsorption at oil–water and oil–solid interfaces. Because a broad range of molecules fall within the group of asphaltenes with distinct sizes and structures, considering the asphaltenes as a whole was noted to limit the deep understanding of governing mechanisms in asphaltene-induced problems. Extended-SARA (E-SARA) is proposed as a concept of asphaltene fractionation according to their interfacial activities and adsorption characteristics, providing critical information to correlate specific functional groups with certain characteristics of asphaltene aggregation, precipitation, and adsorption. Such knowledge is essential to addressing asphaltene-related problems by targeting specific subfractions of asphaltenes

Drop impact onto a cantilever beam:behavior of the lamella and force measurement

In this work, the process of drop impact onto an elastic surface (a cantilever beam) was studied. Different from previous studies which typically focused on the behavior of the elastic surface (e.g., deformation and oscillation), the focus of this work is to examine the behavior of the resulting lamella during the impact. It was found that the maximum contact diameter of the lamella in an elastic impact compared to impact onto a ridged surface is significantly smaller (e.g., 17% for impact at 2 m/s). The results were explained through an analysis of impact energy and the stored elastic energy in the beam. In this work, we also demonstrated how to use a cantilever beam to measure maximum drop impact force. It was found that a large natural frequency of the cantilever beam is needed for the maximum force measurement to produce acceptable values