Wind- and Buoyancy-modulated Along-shore Circulation over the Texas-Louisiana Shelf

Numerical experiments are used to study the wind- and buoyancy-modulated along-shore circulation over the Texas-Louisiana continental shelf inshore of 50-m water depth. Most attention is given to circulation in the non-summer flow regime. A major focus of this study is on a unique along-shore flow phenomenon – convergent along- shore flows, which is controlled jointly by wind forcing and buoyancy fluxes from the Mississippi-Atchafalaya river plume. The second problem addresses the forcing effect of buoyancy on the general along-shore circulation pattern over the shelf in non-summer. The convergent along-shore flows are characterized by down-coast flow from the northern shelf encountering up-coast flow from the southern shelf. This phenomenon is explored for both weather band and seasonal timescales. For the weather band, investigations are focused on non-summer convergent events. The formation of convergent flows is primarily caused by along-coast variation in the along-shore component of wind forcing, which in turn is due to the curvature of the Texas-Louisiana coastline. In general, along-shore currents are well correlated with along-shore winds. However, the points of convergence of currents and winds are not co-located; but rather, points of convergence of currents typically occur down-coast of points of convergence of wind. This offset is mainly caused by buoyancy forcing that forces down-coast currents and drives the point of convergence of currents further down-coast. No specific temporal shift pattern is found for the weather-band convergence, whereas monthly monthly mean convergence exhibits a prominent pattern of seasonal along-coast migration. Buoyancy forcing in the non-summer along-shore flow is investigated in detail in the second part of this study. During non-summer, under down-coast wind forcing, the Mississippi-Atchafalaya river plume exhibits a bottom-advected pattern, for which isopycnals strongly interact with the sea floor. The density front is fairly wide and spans nearly across the entire shelf. Within the front, vertical shear of the alongshore flow is in thermal wind balance with the cross-shore density gradient, and the shear causes a slight reversal of alongshore flow near the bottom. An alongshore flow estimated by the thermal wind relation, along with an assumption of zero bottom reference velocity, agrees well with the actual alongshore flow

Where Did the President Visit Last Week? Detecting Celebrity Trips from News Articles

Celebrities' whereabouts are of pervasive importance. For instance, where politicians go, how often they visit, and who they meet, come with profound geopolitical and economic implications. Although news articles contain travel information of celebrities, it is not possible to perform large-scale and network-wise analysis due to the lack of automatic itinerary detection tools. To design such tools, we have to overcome difficulties from the heterogeneity among news articles: 1)One single article can be noisy, with irrelevant people and locations, especially when the articles are long. 2)Though it may be helpful if we consider multiple articles together to determine a particular trip, the key semantics are still scattered across different articles intertwined with various noises, making it hard to aggregate them effectively. 3)Over 20% of the articles refer to the celebrities' trips indirectly, instead of using the exact celebrity names or location names, leading to large portions of trips escaping regular detecting algorithms. We model text content across articles related to each candidate location as a graph to better associate essential information and cancel out the noises. Besides, we design a special pooling layer based on attention mechanism and node similarity, reducing irrelevant information from longer articles. To make up the missing information resulted from indirect mentions, we construct knowledge sub-graphs for named entities (person, organization, facility, etc.). Specifically, we dynamically update embeddings of event entities like the G7 summit from news descriptions since the properties (date and location) of the event change each time, which is not captured by the pre-trained event representations. The proposed CeleTrip jointly trains these modules, which outperforms all baseline models and achieves 82.53% in the F1 metric.Comment: Accepted to ICWSM 2024, 12 page

Cautious explorers generate more future academic impact

Some scientists are more likely to explore unfamiliar research topics while others tend to exploit existing ones. In previous work, correlations have been found between scientists' topic choices and their career performances. However, literature has yet to untangle the intricate interplay between scientific impact and research topic choices, where scientific exploration and exploitation intertwine. Here we study two metrics that gauge how frequently scientists switch topic areas and how large those jumps are, and discover that 'cautious explorers' who switch topics frequently but do so to 'close' domains have notably better future performance and can be identified at a remarkably early career stage. Cautious explorers who balance exploration and exploitation in their first four career years have up to 19% more citations per future paper. Our results suggest that the proposed metrics depict the scholarly traits of scientists throughout their careers and provide fresh insight, especially for nurturing junior scientists.Comment: 16 pages of main text and 94 pages of supplementary informatio

Seasonal Variations in Circumpolar Deep Water Intrusions Into The Ross Sea Continental Shelf

Intrusions of the warm and nutrient-rich Circumpolar Deep Water (CDW) across the Ross Sea shelf break play an important role in providing heat for ice shelf basal melting and setting the physical environment for biochemical processes. Several mechanisms driving CDW intrusions into the Ross Sea were proposed such as mesoscale eddies, tidal rectification, and interactions between Antarctic Slope Current (ASC) and topographic features. The seasonal variations in the poleward transport of CDW are investigated using ERA-Interim wind data and a Ross Sea circulation model based on the Regional Ocean Modeling System (ROMS) between September 1999 and September 2014. The analyses focus on the currents along the shelf break and deep troughs on the Ross Sea shelf and discuss the wind-driven Ekman pumping in both shelf and adjacent open ocean regions. The results reveal that the poleward intrusions generally move up onto the continental shelf along the eastern flanks of deep troughs. Seasonal variations of the ocean surface stress torque exerted by wind and sea ice in the offshelf area are correlated with CDW intrusions. The maxima of CDW intrusions usually occur in austral summer. There is a significant temporal correlation on the seasonal time scale between the onshelf intrusions in deep troughs in the western Ross Sea shelf and poleward Sverdrup transports in the adjacent offshelf open ocean driven by Ekman pumping. The analysis of ocean surface stress fields also indicates that the vorticity fluxes through Ekman pumping are in favor of southward and northward transports in the eastern and western parts of the Ross Sea, respectively. The relationships between currents, CDW intrusions and ocean surface stress fields imply the importance of air-sea interactions and potential climate change to the environment in the Ross Sea

Spatial Variations of Phytoplankton Biomass Controlled by River Plume Dynamics Over the Lower Changjiang Estuary and Adjacent Shelf Based on High-Resolution Observations

Phytoplankton biomass in estuarine and continental shelf regions are regulated and modified by physical processes, but these interactions have mostly been investigated at a scale of tens of kilometers, and the role of meso- to sub-mesoscale dynamical processes of freshwater plumes in regulating the spatial and temporal variations of algal biomass is largely unknown. To assess the importance of features at these scales, high-resolution (horizontal spacing \u3c 1 km) cross-sectional profiles of hydrographic and biogeochemical variables were collected in the lower Changjiang Estuary and adjacent continental shelf with a towed, undulating vehicle equipped with sensors measuring fluorescence, turbidity and irradiance. Discrete stations were also occupied to allow for the characterization of nutrients. Multiple physical features at different scales regulated the spatial variation of phytoplankton biomass. Phytoplankton biomass was initialized by an improved irradiance field driven by reduced turbidity together with a rapid development of subsurface stratification at the main plume front (isohaline of 23) downstream from the turbidity maximum zone. Phytoplankton blooms did not occur until outcrops located within the main front that were characterized by surface convergence and downwelling, which contributed to large algal biomass by mass trapping and enhanced light penetration. Wave-like features were detected seaward of the main front, coinciding with deacceleration of currents, indicating that they are front-released internal waves that increase algal retention time. This study revealed the critical role of small-scale processes near the plume front in triggering phytoplankton blooms under the large-scale context of improved light conditions, coastal upwelling and nutrient additions from intruding oceanic waters

Novel nomograms to predict risk and prognosis in hospitalized patients with severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome

BackgroundSevere fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) is an emerging and life-threatening infectious disease caused by SFTS virus. Although recent studies have reported the use of nomograms based on demographic and laboratory data to predict the prognosis of SFTS, no study has included viral load, which is an important factor that influences the prognosis, when compared with other risk factors. Therefore, this study aimed to develop a model that predicts SFTS prognosis before it reaches the critical illness stage and to compare the predictive ability of groups with and without viral load.MethodsTwo hundred patients with SFTS were enrolled between June 2018 and August 2023. Data were sourced from the first laboratory results at admission, and two nomograms for mortality risk were developed using multivariate logistic regression to identify the risk variables for poor prognosis in these patients. We calculated the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) for the two nomograms to assess their discrimination, and predictive abilities were compared using net reclassification improvement (NRI) and integrated discrimination improvement (IDI).ResultsThe multivariate logistic regression analysis identified four independent risk factors: age, bleeding manifestations, prolonged activated partial thromboplastin time, and viral load. Based on these factors, a final nomogram predicting mortality risk in patients with SFTS was constructed; in addition, a simplified nomogram was constructed excluding the viral load. The AUC [0.926, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.882–0.970 vs. 0.882, 95% CI: 35 0.823–0.942], NRI (0.143, 95% CI, 0.036–0.285), and IDI (0.124, 95% CI, 0.061–0.186) were calculated and compared between the two models. The calibration curves of the two models showed excellent concordance, and decision curve analysis was used to quantify the net benefit at different threshold probabilities.ConclusionTwo critical risk nomograms were developed based on the indicators for early prediction of mortality risk in patients with SFTS, and enhanced predictive accuracy was observed in the model that incorporated the viral load. The models developed will provide frontline clinicians with a convenient tool for early identification of critically ill patients and initiation of a better personalized treatment in a timely manner

Mitochondrial Protein PINK1 Positively Regulates RLR Signaling

The serine/threonine kinase phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN)-induced putative kinase 1(PINK1) controls mitochondrial quality and plays a vital role in the pathogenesis of early-onset Parkinson's disease. However, whether PINK1 has functions in innate antiviral immunity is largely unknown. Here, we report that viral infection down regulates PINK1 expression in macrophages. PINK1 knockdown results in decreased cytokine production and attenuated IRF3 and NF-κB activation upon viral infection. PINK1 promotes the retinoic-acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I)-like receptors (RLR)-triggered immune responses in a kinase domain-dependent manner. Furthermore, PINK1 associates with TRAF3 via the kinase domain and inhibits Parkin-mediated TRAF3 K48-linked proteasomal degradation. In addition, PINK1 interacts with Yes-associated protein 1 (YAP1) upon viral infection and impairs YAP1/IRF3 complex formation. Collectively, our results demonstrate that PINK1 positively regulates RIG-I triggered innate immune responses by inhibiting TRAF3 degradation and relieving YAP-mediated inhibition of the cellular antiviral response

The response of sea ice and high-salinity shelf water in the Ross Ice Shelf Polynya to cyclonic atmosphere circulations

Coastal polynyas in the Ross Sea are important source regions of high-salinity shelf water (HSSW) - the precursor of Antarctic Bottom Water thatsupplies the lower limb of the thermohaline circulation. Here, the responseof sea ice production and HSSW formation to synoptic-scale and mesoscalecyclones was investigated for the Ross Ice Shelf Polynya (RISP) using acoupled ocean-sea ice-ice shelf model targeted on the Ross Sea. Whensynoptic-scale cyclones prevailed over RISP, sea ice production (SIP)increased rapidly by 20 %-30 % over the entire RISP. During the passage of mesoscale cyclones, SIP increased by about 2 times over the western RISP but decreased over the eastern RISP, resulting respectively from enhancement inthe offshore and onshore winds. HSSW formation mainly occurred in thewestern RISP and was enhanced responding to the SIP increase under bothtypes of cyclones. Promoted HSSW formation could persist for 12-60 h after the decay of the cyclones. The HSSW exports across the DrygalskiTrough and the Glomar Challenger Trough were positively correlated with themeridional wind. Such correlations are mainly controlled by variations ingeostrophic ocean currents that result from sea surface elevation change and density differences.Peer reviewe