21 research outputs found
Neuropeptides of root-knot nematodes: functional significance in parasite locomotions (short review)
The purpose of the research is to analyze the literature devoted to the study of the physiological role and functional significance of biologically active substances: FMRFamide-like neuropeptides in the locomotion of root-knot nematodes Meloidogyne incognita, M. minor, M. hapla and M. graminicola using immunological, phylogenetic, molecular and bioinformatic research methods.Results and discussion. The present work shows the importance of endogenous FMRFamide-like neuropeptides (FLPs) in such behavioral reactions of plant nematodes as locomotion, which ensures the vital activity of plant parasites; the functional significance of flp genes in the neurobiology of root-knot nematodes is discussed. It was especially noted that the main physiological and functional characteristics of endogenous FLP in root-knot nematodes were obtained as a result of studies of the functional role of the flp genes encoding these neuropeptides. In the nematodes M. incognita and M. graminicola, components of the peptidergic nervous system were identified in the nervous structures: FMRFamide-like positive immunoreactivity, FLP, flp genes encoding neuropeptides, and G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) activated by these neuropeptides. It was shown that the main functional characteristics of endogenous FLPs in nematodes were obtained using one of the methods of reverse genetics, i.e., flp genes knockdown in shadow by means of RNA-interference. It has been established that FLP cause two types of physiological effects on the somatic muscles of root-knot nematodes β stimulation of the locomotor activity of the muscles and its inhibition. In most works, the data obtained on the physiological effects of neuropeptides on the locomotor activity of phytonematodes are considered with a view to their possible use in the development of new targeted anthelmintic drugs
Π ΠΠΠ¬ Π‘Π’ΠΠ ΠΠΠΠΠ«Π₯ Π‘ΠΠΠΠΠΠΠΠΠ ΠΠ ΠΠΠΠΠΠΠΠ’ΠΠΠ¨ΠΠΠΠ―Π₯ Π ΠΠ‘Π’ΠΠΠΠ Π ΠΠΠ ΠΠΠΠ’ΠΠ§ΠΠ‘ΠΠΠ₯ ΠΠΠΠΠ’ΠΠ
Literature data on steroid metabolism of plant-parasitic nematodes and own research on the feasibility of regulating the number of pathogenic nematodes using plant steroids are presented. Steroidal compounds are essential components of cell membranes, play a significant role in the regulatory process and are signaling mo- lecules. On one side it was shown possibility to affect the steroid metabolism of nematodes depressing their development, depriving necessary sterols; on other side to impact the mevalonate pathway in plants enhancing their immune properties. Analysis of a number of steroid compounds: glycoalkaloids, saponins and ecdy- sones extracted from plants of the Solanaceae, Labiatae and Dioscoreaceae, shows that all tested compounds to a greater or lesser degree can affect the development of the nematode. In examined tomato plant system Solanum esculentum Mill, root- knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid et White) Chitwood, the highest activity among steroidal glycoalkaloids had Ι-tomatin and Ι-chaconine, among saponins - tomatozide. While observing the direct impact of steroids on nematodes, we can point out the nematostatic effect of compounds in applied concentrations. On the example of tomato plants treated with Ι-tomatin the activity of protease inhibitors, agents interrupting digestion of insects and nematodes, is analyzed. Treatment of plants with Ι-tomatin increases the activity of trypsin inhibitors in the tomato tissues that allows expecting the relation between the plant treatment with Ι-tomatin and degree of resistance of tomato to nematodesΠΡΠΈΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Ρ Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΎ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠΈΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ½Π΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠ΄ ΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°- Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ΡΡ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΈΡ- Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π½Π΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠ΄ Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Ρ- Π½ΡΡ
ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠ². ΠΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½Π° Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΡ, Ρ ΠΎΠ΄- Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ½Ρ, Π½Π° ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠΈΠ΄Π½ΡΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ·ΠΌ Π½Π΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ, ΡΠ³Π½Π΅ΡΠ°Ρ Π΅Ρ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅, Π»ΠΈΡΠ°Ρ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΡΡ
ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ²; Ρ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΎΠΉ, - Π½Π° ΠΌΠ΅Π²Π°Π»ΠΎΠ½Π°ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΠΏΡΡΡ Π² ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΡ
, ΠΏΠΎΠ²Ρ- ΡΠ°Ρ Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΈΠΌΠΌΡΠ½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ²Π°. ΠΠ½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ· ΡΡΠ΄Π° ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠΈΠ΄Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ, Π²ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΈΠ· ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅ΠΉΡΡΠ² ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ»Π΅- Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
, Π΄ΠΈΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΉΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΈ Π³ΡΠ±ΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ½ΡΡ
, ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π», ΡΡΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡ- Π²ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π° ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ. Π ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅ ΡΠΎ- ΠΌΠ°Ρ Solanum esculentum Mill. - Π³Π°Π»Π»ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ Π½Π΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π° Me- loidogyne incognita (Kofoid et White) Chitwood Π½Π°ΠΈ- Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΡΡ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠΈΠ΄Π½ΡΡ
Π³Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ°Π»ΠΊΠ°- Π»ΠΎΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠ² ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°Π΄Π°Π»ΠΈ Ι-ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ½ ΠΈ Ι-ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠ½, ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΏΠΎ- Π½ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ² - ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠ·ΠΈΠ΄. ΠΡΠΈ Π½Π΅ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΌ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡ- Π²ΠΈΠΈ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠ² Π½Π° Π½Π΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΡΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π² ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°Π΄Π°Π»ΠΈ Π½Π΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈ- Π΅ΠΌ. ΠΠ° ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠ° Ι- ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ· Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈΠ½Π³ΠΈΠ±ΠΈΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ² ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΈΠ½Π°Π· - ΡΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ, Π½Π°ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡ
ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΏΠΈΡΠ΅- Π²Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Ρ Π½Π°ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΎΠΌΡΡ
ΠΈ Π½Π΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠ΄. ΠΠ±ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠ° ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΡΠ°Π΅Ρ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΈΠ½Π³ΠΈΠ±ΠΈΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ² ΡΡΠΈΠΏ- ΡΠΈΠ½Π° Π² ΡΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠ°, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π°Π³Π°ΡΡ Π½Π°- Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ²ΡΠ·ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ Ι-ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΈ ΡΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ΅Π½ΡΡ ΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΊ Π½Π΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π°ΠΌ
ΠΠ΅ΠΉΡΠΎΠΏΠ΅ΠΏΡΠΈΠ΄Ρ Π³Π°Π»Π»ΠΎΠ²ΡΡ Π½Π΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠ΄: ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π² Π»ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΠΈΡΡ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°Π·ΠΈΡΠΎΠ² (ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΠΎΠ±Π·ΠΎΡ)
The purpose of the research is to analyze the literature devoted to the study of the physiological role and functional significance of biologically active substances: FMRFamide-like neuropeptides in the locomotion of root-knot nematodes Meloidogyne incognita, M. minor, M. hapla and M. graminicola using immunological, phylogenetic, molecular and bioinformatic research methods.Results and discussion. The present work shows the importance of endogenous FMRFamide-like neuropeptides (FLPs) in such behavioral reactions of plant nematodes as locomotion, which ensures the vital activity of plant parasites; the functional significance of flp genes in the neurobiology of root-knot nematodes is discussed. It was especially noted that the main physiological and functional characteristics of endogenous FLP in root-knot nematodes were obtained as a result of studies of the functional role of the flp genes encoding these neuropeptides. In the nematodes M. incognita and M. graminicola, components of the peptidergic nervous system were identified in the nervous structures: FMRFamide-like positive immunoreactivity, FLP, flp genes encoding neuropeptides, and G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) activated by these neuropeptides. It was shown that the main functional characteristics of endogenous FLPs in nematodes were obtained using one of the methods of reverse genetics, i.e., flp genes knockdown in shadow by means of RNA-interference. It has been established that FLP cause two types of physiological effects on the somatic muscles of root-knot nematodes β stimulation of the locomotor activity of the muscles and its inhibition. In most works, the data obtained on the physiological effects of neuropeptides on the locomotor activity of phytonematodes are considered with a view to their possible use in the development of new targeted anthelmintic drugs.Π¦Π΅Π»Ρ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ β Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ· Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ, ΠΏΠΎΡΠ²ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ·ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌΡ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π±ΠΈΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡ
Π²Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²: FMRFΠ°ΠΌΠΈΠ΄-ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ±Π½ΡΡ
Π½Π΅ΠΉΡΠΎΠΏΠ΅ΠΏΡΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠ² Π² Π»ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΠΈΡΡ
Π³Π°Π»Π»ΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
Π½Π΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠ΄ Meloidogyne incognita, M. minor, M. hapla ΠΈ M. graminicΠΎla Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΈΠΌΠΌΡΠ½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
, ΡΠΈΠ»ΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
, ΠΌΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΈ Π±ΠΈΠΎΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ.Π Π΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅. ΠΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΎ Π²Π°ΠΆΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ½Π΄ΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
FMRFΠ°ΠΌΠΈΠ΄-ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ±Π½ΡΡ
Π½Π΅ΠΉΡΠΎΠΏΠ΅ΠΏΡΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠ² (FLP) Π² ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠ΅Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΡΡ
ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ½Π΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠ΄, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π»ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΠΈΠΈ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΆΠΈΠ·Π½Π΅Π΄Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°Π·ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²; ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠΆΠ΄Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ flp Π³Π΅Π½ΠΎΠ² Π² Π½Π΅ΠΉΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΈ Π³Π°Π»Π»ΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
Π½Π΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠ΄. ΠΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈ ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ½Π΄ΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
FLP Ρ Π³Π°Π»Π»ΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
Π½Π΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠ΄ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½Ρ Π² ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈ flp Π³Π΅Π½ΠΎΠ², ΠΊΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΡΡΡΠΈΡ
ΡΡΠΈ Π½Π΅ΠΉΡΠΎΠΏΠ΅ΠΏΡΠΈΠ΄Ρ. Π£ Π½Π΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠ΄ M. incognita ΠΈ M. graminicΠΎla Π² Π½Π΅ΡΠ²Π½ΡΡ
ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ°Ρ
ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½ΡΡ ΠΏΠ΅ΠΏΡΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π½Π΅ΡΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ: FMRFΠ°ΠΌΠΈΠ΄-ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ±Π½Π°Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΠΈΠΌΠΌΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ, FLP, flp Π³Π΅Π½Ρ, ΠΊΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π΅ΠΉΡΠΎΠΏΠ΅ΠΏΡΠΈΠ΄Ρ, ΠΈ G-ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΈΠ½ ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Π°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡ (GPCR), Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²ΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠΈΠΌΠΈ Π½Π΅ΠΉΡΠΎΠΏΠ΅ΠΏΡΠΈΠ΄Π°ΠΌΠΈ. ΠΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ½Π΄ΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
FLP Ρ Π½Π΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠ΄ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½Ρ Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΠ· ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π³Π΅Π½Π΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ β Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²ΡΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ flp Π³Π΅Π½ΠΎΠ² ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠΌ Π ΠΠ-ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠΈ. Π£ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ FLP Π²ΡΠ·ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡ Π½Π° ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΡΡΠΊΡΠ»Π°ΡΡΡΠ΅ Π³Π°Π»Π»ΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
Π½Π΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠ΄ Π΄Π²Π° Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π° ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΠ² β ΡΡΠΈΠΌΡΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡ Π»ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΌΡΡΠΊΡΠ»Π°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΈ Π΅Π΅ ΡΠ³Π½Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅. Π Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ²Π΅ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅, ΠΎ ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ°Ρ
Π½Π΅ΠΉΡΠΎΠΏΠ΅ΠΏΡΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠ² Π½Π° Π΄Π²ΠΈΠ³Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ½Π΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠ΄ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ Ρ ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠ΅ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
Π°Π½ΡΠΈΠ³Π΅Π»ΡΠΌΠΈΠ½ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ² Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡ
Influence of insectocompost obtained by cultivation of the during beetle <i>Ulomoides dermestoides</i> on the ecological-trophic composition and development of soil and phytoparasitic nematodes
The purpose of the research is to study the effect of insect compost obtained as a result of the vital activity of insects of the Coleoptera order Ulomoides dermestoides on the quantitative and qualitative composition of soil nematodes of various ecological and trophic groups, as well as on the morphological and physiological state of plants and infection of tomato plants with root-knot nematodes.Materials and methods. Under laboratory conditions, soil containing a diverse fauna of nematodes was treated with 1% dry and 0.5; 0.75 and 1% aqueous solutions of biocompost. Insect compost was obtained by keeping the U. dermestoides on a dry nutrient mixture. Then a mixture of lawn grasses was sown in the ground. After 30 days, the composition of nematodes was analyzed. The ability of insect compost to suppress parasitic nematode species was studied using the tomato-knot nematode model system. Tomatoes were infected with Meloidogyne incognita at a rate of 500 larvae (J2) per plant and simultaneously treated with a 0.5% aqueous biocompost solution.Results and discussion. The insect compost U. dermestoides has an effect on quantitative and qualitative indicators in the community of soil nematodes, increasing the number of predatory and saprobiotic nematodes and displacing parasitic ones. And due to the content of various biologically active compounds, it affects the development of rootknot nematodes in tomato roots. When tomatoes are treated with an aqueous solution of insect compost, the infection score and the number of nematodes that penetrate the roots are reduced. The introduction of compost when growing a mixture of lawn grasses and tomatoes can improve the condition of the plants
Effect of <i>Meloidogyne incognita</i> infection on the accumulation of phenolic compounds in plants of the genus Mint (Mentha L.)
The purpose of the research is to compare the accumulation of phenolic compounds of different species and varieties of mint, zoned in Central Russia against the background of plant infection byΒ Meloidogyne incognita.Materials and methods. Plants were grown from cuttings in a growing experiment in open ground.Β Mentha Γ piperitaΒ L. (varieties: Tik-Tak, Orange, Minneola, Mojito, Mitchum, Chocolate),Β M. spicataΒ L. (varieties Morocco, Crispa) andΒ M. longifoliaΒ L. (Longifolia) were taken for the study. A month later, the rooted plants were infected at the rate of 1000 sp. infective larvae ofΒ M. incognitaΒ per plant. After 8 weeks leaves were fixed in ethanol. The total content of phenolic compounds (PC), phenylpropanoids, flavonoids and catechins was studied using a spectrophotometer. The determination of the total content of PΠ‘ was carried out using the Folin-Cecolte reagent with measurement at 725 nm, phenylpropanoids β by direct measurement of optical density at 330 nm, flavonoids β by reaction with aluminum chloride at 415 nm, the total content of flavans (catechins - flavan-3-ols), their oligomeric forms β proanthocyanidins, as well as leukoanthocyanidins were assessed by reaction with vanillin at 500 nm.Results and discussion. It has been shown that the accumulation of phenols is related to the species of plants. The varietiesΒ Mentha Γ piperitaΒ L. in most cases contained more phenols thanΒ M. spicataΒ L. andΒ M. longifoliaΒ L. A significant number of PC was noted in the violet-colored varieties Mitchum, Chocolate and Orange. The total content of PC almost completely correlates with the content of their precursors β phenylpropanoids. In terms of the content of flavonoids, the Mitchum variety stands out noticeably, and in terms of the content of catechins, the Orange variety stands out. Nematode infection in most varieties causes a noticeable increase in the total accumulation of soluble PC, phenylpropanoids and flavans, but leads to a decrease in the content of flavonoids
Role of steroid compounds in relationship of plants and parasitic nematodes
Literature data on steroid metabolism of plant-parasitic nematodes and own research on the feasibility of regulating the number of pathogenic nematodes using plant steroids are presented. Steroidal compounds are essential components of cell membranes, play a significant role in the regulatory process and are signaling mo- lecules. On one side it was shown possibility to affect the steroid metabolism of nematodes depressing their development, depriving necessary sterols; on other side to impact the mevalonate pathway in plants enhancing their immune properties. Analysis of a number of steroid compounds: glycoalkaloids, saponins and ecdy- sones extracted from plants of the Solanaceae, Labiatae and Dioscoreaceae, shows that all tested compounds to a greater or lesser degree can affect the development of the nematode. In examined tomato plant system Solanum esculentum Mill, root- knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid et White) Chitwood, the highest activity among steroidal glycoalkaloids had Ι-tomatin and Ι-chaconine, among saponins - tomatozide. While observing the direct impact of steroids on nematodes, we can point out the nematostatic effect of compounds in applied concentrations. On the example of tomato plants treated with Ι-tomatin the activity of protease inhibitors, agents interrupting digestion of insects and nematodes, is analyzed. Treatment of plants with Ι-tomatin increases the activity of trypsin inhibitors in the tomato tissues that allows expecting the relation between the plant treatment with Ι-tomatin and degree of resistance of tomato to nematode
INDUCTION OF PLANT RESISTANCE TO NEMATODES SEDENTARY BIOGENIC ELICITORS
Objective of research: to study the mechanisms of induced tomato plant resistance to rootknot nematode Meloidogyne incognita and potato to cyst nematode Globodera rostochiensis.Materials and methods: The biogenic elicitors β chitosan and signal molecules β SA, JA for the modulation of immune plant responses were used. In experiment 1, tubers of potato cultivars Istrinskii (PCN-susceptibility) and Krinitsa (PCN-resistant), were treated with aqueous solutions of the immunomodulators at the specified concentrations. A low molecular weight soluble chitosan and acetylation degree of 15% and signal molecule β SA was used as an elicitor. In experiment 2, system tomato M. incognia was studied. Water solutions of chitosan, signal molecules: SA, JA were used for treatment of tomato seeds for 2 h and then the seeds were planted in sterile soil. The control plants were treated with water. Cultivation of plants was carried out by the standard technique. Plants were maintained in a greenhouse long enough for the nematodes to complete their life cycle. Development of nematodes in the processed plants estimated on morphophysiological and population characteristics. Biochemical indicators of roots and leaves of tomatoes estimated for 14 days after infection of plants. Previously identified major biochemical indicators of the plants in the genome that contain genes that determine the resistance of plants. The effects of biogenic elicitors on plant resistance were also evaluated by some metabolic changes related to natural plant resistance to tomato and potato to plant nematodes. These indicators were studied in clarifying mechanisms of induced resistance.Results and discussion: Biogenic elicitors induce systemic resistance of plants to plant parasitic nematodes β Meloidogyne incognita and Globodera rostochiensis (decrease in the parasitic invasion of the roots; an inhibition of the vital activity of the parasite; a decrease in fertility and the amount of agents sources (larvae and eggs) capable of infecting the plants). The addition of signal molecules (salicylic and jasmonic acid) to elicitors increased their activity as immunomodulators. In present investigation, the mechanisms of induced plant resistance nematode were studied. The data obtained suggest that the mechanisms natural and induced by biogenic elicitors tomato resistance to the nematode have the same origin. These features meet all requirements of the new generation of methods of plant protection and the use of biogenic elicitors to raise plant resistance to parasitic nematodes may be promising
ΠΠΠΠ£Π¦ΠΠ ΠΠΠΠΠΠΠ― Π£Π‘Π’ΠΠΠ§ΠΠΠΠ‘Π’Π¬ Π ΠΠ‘Π’ΠΠΠΠ ΠΠΠ ΠΠΠ¬Π’ΠΠ ΠΠΠ’ΠΠΠ Π₯ΠΠΠΠ§ΠΠ‘ΠΠΠ Π‘Π ΠΠΠ‘Π’ΠΠΠ ΠΠΠ©ΠΠ’Π« Π ΠΠ‘Π’ΠΠΠΠ
Objective of research: to study the mechanisms of induced tomato plant resistance to rootknot nematode Meloidogyne incognita and potato to cyst nematode Globodera rostochiensis.Materials and methods: The biogenic elicitors β chitosan and signal molecules β SA, JA for the modulation of immune plant responses were used. In experiment 1, tubers of potato cultivars Istrinskii (PCN-susceptibility) and Krinitsa (PCN-resistant), were treated with aqueous solutions of the immunomodulators at the specified concentrations. A low molecular weight soluble chitosan and acetylation degree of 15% and signal molecule β SA was used as an elicitor. In experiment 2, system tomato M. incognia was studied. Water solutions of chitosan, signal molecules: SA, JA were used for treatment of tomato seeds for 2 h and then the seeds were planted in sterile soil. The control plants were treated with water. Cultivation of plants was carried out by the standard technique. Plants were maintained in a greenhouse long enough for the nematodes to complete their life cycle. Development of nematodes in the processed plants estimated on morphophysiological and population characteristics. Biochemical indicators of roots and leaves of tomatoes estimated for 14 days after infection of plants. Previously identified major biochemical indicators of the plants in the genome that contain genes that determine the resistance of plants. The effects of biogenic elicitors on plant resistance were also evaluated by some metabolic changes related to natural plant resistance to tomato and potato to plant nematodes. These indicators were studied in clarifying mechanisms of induced resistance.Results and discussion: Biogenic elicitors induce systemic resistance of plants to plant parasitic nematodes β Meloidogyne incognita and Globodera rostochiensis (decrease in the parasitic invasion of the roots; an inhibition of the vital activity of the parasite; a decrease in fertility and the amount of agents sources (larvae and eggs) capable of infecting the plants). The addition of signal molecules (salicylic and jasmonic acid) to elicitors increased their activity as immunomodulators. In present investigation, the mechanisms of induced plant resistance nematode were studied. The data obtained suggest that the mechanisms natural and induced by biogenic elicitors tomato resistance to the nematode have the same origin. These features meet all requirements of the new generation of methods of plant protection and the use of biogenic elicitors to raise plant resistance to parasitic nematodes may be promising.ΠΠ° ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°Ρ
ΠΊΠ°ΡΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π»Ρ β Globodera rostochiensis ΠΈ ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΡ β Meloidogyne incognita ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠ° ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΠ½ ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΠΊΠ»ΡΠ±Π½Π΅ΠΉ ΠΊΠ°ΡΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π»Ρ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ°Π΄ΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π±ΠΈΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΊΡΠΎΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ (Ρ
ΠΈΡΠΎΠ·Π°Π½ΠΎΠΌ, ΠΆΠ°ΡΠΌΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈ ΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΎΡΠ΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈ Π² ΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ Ρ Ρ
ΠΈΡΠΎΠ·Π°Π½ΠΎΠΌ) ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ½ΡΡ ΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΡΡ (Π‘ΠΠ£) Π²ΠΎΡΠΏΡΠΈΠΈΠΌΡΠΈΠ²ΡΡ
ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠΏΡΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡ Π½Π΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠ΄ Π½Π° ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΡ
, ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΡΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ Π² ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΡ
, ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ»Π° ΠΏΡΠΈΠ·Π½Π°ΠΊΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΎ-ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ³Π½Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ. ΠΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ
Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌ Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡ Π‘ΠΠ£ ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Π°Π½ Ρ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠ΅Ρ
ΠΆΠ΅ Π·Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΌΠ΅Ρ
Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠ², ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈ Π΅ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΈΠΌΠΌΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΊ Π½Π΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π°ΠΌ. ΠΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π±ΠΈΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ² ΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅ΡΠ²ΠΎΡΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΡΠ΅Π±ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠΌ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ² Π΄Π»Ρ Π·Π°ΡΠΈΡΡ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΈ ΠΈΡ
ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ Π±ΡΡΡ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½Ρ
THE EFFECT OF RADIATION ON DEVELOPMENT OF ROOT-KNOT NEMATODES
Root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) are one of the most important plant parasitic nematodes of great economic importance which reduce the quantity and the quality of the yields of many cultivated and wild plants everywhere (in tropical, subtropical and temperate regions). The objectives of the study were to investigate the changes in the Meloidogyne arenaria and its host Tiny Tim tomato plant under radiation influence The influence of various doses of Ξ³-irradiation (90, 700 and 1800 mGy) on cv. Tiny Tim tomato plants and developing eggs sacs of root-knot nematode Meloidogyne arenaria were investigated. Ionizing radiations of tomato seeds by low dose (90 mGy) stimulate development of plants. High doses of Ξ³-irradiation (700 and 1800 mGy) suppress development (height, root and shoot weight) of tomato plants. High irradiation doses (700 and 1800 mGy) retarded the growth of nematodes. Metric characteristics of M. arenaria females, mainly body size, were smaller. The highest experimental dose (1800 mGy) prevented the development of females of M. arenaria (J4) to mature forms. A change of female to male ratio under the influence of Ξ³- ionizing radiation has been observed, resulting in a decrease in males. These results show aspects for future research into the application of Ξ³-irradiation in management of root-knot nematode
THE INFLUENCE OF RESISTANCE OF TOMATOES ON THE MORPHO-PHYSIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY AND POPULATION CHARACTERISTICS OF ROOT-KNOT NEMATODES MELOIDOGYNE INCOGNITA (KOFOID, WHITE, 1919), CHITWOOD, 1949
Objective of research:Β to provide data on the effect of tomato plants with different varietal resistance and immuno-chemical characteristics on the morpho-physiological and population features of root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid, White, 1919), Chitwood, 1949.Materials and methods: Tomato plants were infected and cultivated by standard methods.Parameters of nematodes (size, fertility, duration of life cycle, age and sex structure) of 156 lines in hybrids and cultivars of tomato Lycopersicon esculentum (Mill.) with different degrees of resistance to that nematode (resistance indexΒ 20% to 90%), as well the tomato cultivar (F1Karlson) which immune status was corrected with the use of immunomodulators.Results and discussion: The increased resistance of plants has a significant effect on total morpho-physiological and some population parameters (size, fertility, time to reach sexual maturity, terms of development, the number of males, etc.). This fact may indicate the modifying effect of immunity factors on parasites. Morpho-physiological features express a regular association between the level of immunity and standard features of parasitic invasions, which is required to ensure a relative stability of host-parasite systems in each particular case